Yeehaw 63: The final project (English version)
1つ前の記事で出てきた、僕がカリフォルニア大学サンディエゴ校のオンラインコースのファイナルプロジェクトに提出した課題のオリジナル英文です。[3 Things To Keep In Mind In Learning A Foreign Language]Learning a foreign language is something most people experience at school in many countries, yet not so many are very successful in actually using the target language they have learned. Some countries' problems in their foreign language education are quite serious. It seems it is because they fail to take into account some crucial factors in their way of learning. Coming from Japan, let me talk about the 3 things to keep in mind for learning a foreign language, mainly pointing out the problems related to the factors that exist in the English education in Japan. Even though they are problems that Japan has, some of them may be also applicable to some other countries, and the content of this work itself can be informative to those who are trying to learn a new language.1. Memory<Problem>One of the main problems that the education system has is that what students learn barely goes into their long-term memory. Because of the way the curriculum and the exams are scheduled, students are forced to cram the knowledge into their brains in a short period of time, only to pass the written exams and forget what they have learned once the exam is over. There are very few chances for them to see the same vocabulary or grammar structures repeatedly. If repeated, in most cases the students are asked to read the vocabulary or text aloud 3-5 consecutive times in a single lesson, and usually there is no more repetition. And even if the students don't seem to fully understand the material teachers are supposed to keep going, not sparing enough time to come back to the point students didn't quite understand. Besides, even though memory is strengthened by actually using what you have learned, students are not given opportunities to use the knowledge, which makes the memory easily evaporate. While a number of vocabulary and grammar topics are covered in English textbooks in Japan and students actually gain input from the materials, most of them fail to build a solid neuro-structure that can be readily used in an authentic situation.<What needs to be done>Since it takes time to learn a new concept or vocabulary, they should be taught in a longer period of time. Students are more likely to remember if the new things are reintroduced when they are about to forget or right after actually forgot them, so it's better to space the intervals when they review, and each iteration the interval should be slightly longer than the last time. Plus, students are also supposed to be encouraged to actually use the vocabulary and grammar structure they have learned. Help them personalize the new words by having them create their own sentences using the new word or grammar structure. Have them play a role play based on what they learned. There should be a number of ways to strengthen their memory.2. Testing<Problem>The English education system in Japan is apparently test oriented, and it is often subject to criticism. What we need to be aware is that that itself does not mean that all aspects of the target language, which are Reading, Listening, Speaking, Writing, Grammar, Pronunciation are tested. Most of the English tests in the Japanese school system are written exams, and many of the contents of the tests are pretty unpractical.For example,"Which part of the following word is stressed the most? 'education' (A)ed (B) u (C) ca (D) tion"" What is the meaning of the following sentence? Translate it into Japanese""Which category of sentence does the following sentence belong to? Choose from Type 1,2,3,4,5"(Note: Many Japanese English teachers put a lot of focus on classifying English sentences into 5 types)Type 1: Subject +VerbType 2: Subject + Verb + ObjectType 3: Subject + Verb + ComplementType 4: Subject + Verb + Object + ObjectType 5: Subject + Verb + Object + ComplementNow where the problem lies should be clear. Many of the language elements are not tested at all, especially the output skills such as Speaking and Writing. As those skills are not tested, there is no way students know what kind of skills they are lack of, how much they need to improve, what sort of exercise they need to work on, when it comes to output.<What needs to be done>Testing doesn't only mean written exams like the ones that are dominantly conducted in the education system in Japan. Anything can be testing. Having conversation in the target language can be both Speaking and Listening tests. Having students write diaries based on their past 2 weeks can be both Writing and Grammar tests. If you can evaluate students' understanding, that activity can be called "test", even though it is not an official written exam. What is important is that all elements of the target language are assessed to help the learning process because that can determine what to work on next.3. Transfer of ideas and concepts from one area to anotherWhat your first language is can give a huge influence on how effectively you learn your target language. The more similar the target language is to yours, the easier to learn. Let me give some examples. Swedish is one of the languages that are very close to English both in terms of its grammar structures and vocabulary.For example, "What shall we do now?" can be expressed as "Vad ska vi göra nu?" in Swedish.And"How long shall we stay here?" can be "Hur länge ska vi stanna här?"Thanks to the similarity, all you have to do, at least in these cases, is just replace each of the words in the sentences with a Swedish word, which is very similar to English. No wonder why majority of Swedesare excellent at English. They don't need to spend a lot of time to understand English grammar. They already know most of it in their own language. This kind of phenomenon can show up among non-native Japanese speakers who are working on Japanese as well. Because of their native language, generally Koreans can learn Japanese more quickly than westerners. Korean grammar is quite close to Japanese and there are a lot of words sound like Japanese.<Problem>This means that you have to be extra careful if your first language is entirely different from your target language. If you are Swedish, it won't cause a too big problem if you think in Swedish way when learning or actually using English. If you have Swedish accent, or if you speak English based on Swedish grammar, your statement will still be fairly understandable. However, when it comes to those whose language is completely different, it is a different story. If they speak English following their own language's grammar, it will often be nearly impossible to understand. If they speak English with their language's accent, it may not even be recognized as English. And that is what can actually happen among Japanese students when they try to use English. Fairly many of them try to write English sentences based on Japanese grammar. They tend to substitute English sounds that don't exist in Japanese language with Japanese sounds. If your native language is very different from your target language, it will be crucial to try hard not to transfer knowledge from your native language.<What needs to be done >If the languages are very different, students first should be aware that they must think in the target language, not in their own language. When learning pronunciations, quit substituting the sounds with your own language's sounds. Mimic the original sounds hard. Don't look for an equivalent expression in your own language. Instead of that, pair the grammar or phrases with the situation in which it is used when you learn, so that you can learn through context.If the language you already know and the target language are similar, you can make the most of the existing language in your brain to help you understand the target language. For example, if you are Japanese and already able to speak English and want to learn a language that is close to English, such as Swedish, German, Dutch and the like, study the language in English instead of Japanese. Don't look for a textbook written in Japanese. Find one in which explanations are written in English. On the other hand, if you are Japanese and want to learn Korean, you'd better use a textbook written in Japanese instead of English.