(31)今回ご紹介するのは・・・

 
(31) This time, I'd like to introduce...



「考古調査士」取得体験記 その7 (火山灰編年学)


Archaeological Surveyor Part 7 (Volcanic Ash Archeology)




鹿児島県上野原縄文の森の展示から・・鍵層をしめす地層断面
 

 

担当はS先生(火山灰考古学のスペシャリスト)

The class was taught by Dr. S., a specialist in volcanic ash archaeology.


授業は、火山灰考古学として、以下の三点が主な内容

The following three points are the main contents of the class as volcanic ash archaeology

 


1,火山灰編年学(テフロクロノロジー)を使った遺跡等の年代特定
2,噴火による被災過程や後の復旧など人々の行動と時代背景
3,火山灰を石材や建材として利用した歴史



1. Determining the age of archaeological sites using volcanic ash chronology (tephrochronology).
2. The process of damage caused by volcanic eruptions, and the historical background of people's actions such as restoration afterwards
3. History of the use of volcanic ash as stone and 
building materials

 

桜島のストロンボリ式噴火

 

火山灰編年学では最初に

1,火山噴出物の種類と特徴
2,火山灰の堆積様式(降下・落下・火砕密度流)
3,二次的な岩屑なだれ・火山泥流
4,マグマの珪酸含有率に基づく分類
5,火山噴火のいろいろ(マグマ噴火・マグマ水蒸気噴火・水蒸気噴火)
6,火山噴火の規模と様式(ストロンボリ・ブルカノ・プリニー・ウルトラプリニーなど)
を写真や顕微鏡を使って確認しました。


The first step in volcanic ash chronology is

1. Types and characteristics of volcanic ejecta
2、Deposition of volcanic ash (fallout, fallout, pyroclastic density flow)
3、Secondary debris avalanches and volcanic mudflows
4,Classification of magma based on its silicic acid content
5, Various types of volcanic eruptions (magmatic eruption, magmatic phreatomagmatic eruption, phreatic eruption)
6. Scale and style of volcanic eruptions (Stromboli, Vulcano, Pliny, Ultrapliny, etc.)
Using photographs and microscopes, we confirmed the following

 25000年前に巨大噴火を起こした姶良カルデラ(中央は桜島)

 


AC500年代に2回の大噴火を起こした榛名山


そして、
1,日本の噴火史の中で25000年前の鹿児島県の姶良カルデラ噴火による入戸火砕流・7300年前の鹿児島県鬼界カルデラ噴火による幸屋火砕流とアカホヤ火山灰・AC500年代初頭の群馬県の榛名山二ッ岳噴火による渋川テフラ(火山砕石物・主に火砕流)・同じくAC500年代中葉の榛名山二ッ岳噴火による伊香保テフラ(主に大量の軽石)などの一次(直接積もった))堆積層は、地層ごとの年代の前後を判別する鍵層となっていること。



And
In the history of volcanic eruptions in Japan, we have seen the ITo pyroclastic flow from the Aira caldera eruption in Kagoshima Prefecture 25,000 years ago, the Koya pyroclastic flow and Akahoya volcanic ash from the Aira caldera eruption in Kagoshima Prefecture 7,300 years ago, the Shibukawa tephra (volcaniclastic material, mainly pyroclastic flow) from the Mt.Haruna (volcanic lithic material, mainly pyroclastic flows), and the Ikaho tephra (mainly large amounts of pumice) from the eruption of Mt.Haruna.





2,代表的な鍵層(年代の指標)を見つけることで発掘された遺跡の層位から相対としての埋没年代を明らかにすること。
を学びました。


2、By finding representative key layers (age indicators), the relative age of burial can be determined from the stratigraphic position of the excavated remains.
We learned the following.


AC500年代中葉に軽石等で見没した黒井峯遺跡から榛名山を望む


噴火による被災過程や後の復旧など人々の行動と時代背景については、具体的な例として群馬県の金井東遺跡(甲着装武人)や黒井峯遺跡(日本のポンペイ)を取り上げた発掘写真や時空ダイヤグラムを使っての被災状況の推測などが話され、とても臨場感のある学習ができました。


As for the process of damage caused by the eruption and the restoration afterwards, he talked about people's behavior and the historical background of the eruption, using excavation photos and space-time diagrams of the Kanaihigashi site (armored warrior) and the Kuroimine site (Japanese Pompeii) in Gunma Prefecture as concrete examples to estimate the damage.
 


S先生の授業は、豊富な映像による臨場感あふれる説明が印象的でした。
また火山灰の編年による考古学への大きな貢献が今後ますます期待される分野であることが感じられるものでした。


Professor S's class was impressive for its realistic explanations using a wealth of images. 
I also felt that the field of volcanic ash compilation is expected to make a great contribution to archaeology in the future.


この分野は火山県に生まれた私としてはもっと勉強したい!と強く思ったわずか3回の貴重な授業でした。


As I was born in a volcanic prefecture, I would like to learn more about this field! I strongly felt that I would like to study this field more!

 


余談ですが、考古調査士コースを受講する有志でS先生を招いた群馬県の鍵層露頭説明会を実施し、実際の姶良カルデラや榛名山噴火などの痕跡(層位やテフラ)を手に取ってつぶさにみることができました。

As a side note, a group of volunteers from the archaeological surveyor course invited Prof. S. to a briefing session on the outcrops of the Key Formation in Gunma Prefecture, where we were able to see the actual traces (stratigraphy and tephra) of the Aira Caldera and Mt.Haruna.


やはり現場体験は必要だなあと感じたところです。

I felt that field experience was necessary.


なお成績評価は、最後の授業のテストで行われました。


Grading was done by a test at the end of the class.



次回は・・・

  (必須)埋蔵文化財の保存と活用 のご紹介


Next time...

  (Required) Introduction to the Conservation and Utilization of Buried Cultural Properties



*** Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version) ***



 

(30)今回ご紹介するのは・・・

 (30) This time, I'd like to introduce...


「考古調査士」取得体験記 その6 (植物遺体分析法)

Archaeological Research Specialist Part 6 (Plant genomic analysis Method)




担当はS先生(T大博士・植物考古学・レプリカ法のスペシャリスト)

The class was led by Dr. S., a doctoral student at the University of Tokyo and a specialist in plant archaeology and replica methods.


授業では、植物遺体とは・植物遺体の残り方・植物遺体の種類・抽出から

同定までの過程・遺跡出土植物遺体の同定を勉強した後、

体験学習としてレプリカ法による土器圧痕分析

(レプリカの採取方法・レプリカの同定、圧痕のメリット、縄文時代のマメの新発見)を

学びました。
 

The class studied what plant remains are, how plant remains are left, types of plant remains, the process from extraction to identification, and identification of plant remains excavated from archaeological sites, and then as a hands-on learning experience, they learned how to analyze pottery indentations using the replica method (how to collect replicas, identification of replicas, merits of indentations, and the new discovery of Jomon period beans).

 

その中で土器圧痕レプリカ法についてご紹介します。
 

The following is an introduction to the replica method of pottery indentation.


古代の人々が土器を作る過程で粘土に意図をもってあるいは偶然に混和された種実等有機物が、長い時を経て溶解するなどして失われ、発掘された際にくぼみとして発見される。
 

In the process of making earthenware, ancient people intentionally or accidentally mixed seeds and other organic materials into the clay, which dissolved over time and were lost as indentations.


このくぼみ(土器圧痕)にシリコンゴムを注入して型取りし、走査型電子顕微鏡で観察することで種実の同定が可能になる。
 

By injecting silicon rubber into these indentations (indentations in earthenware), and observing them with a scanning electron microscope, it is possible to identify the seeds.
 

 

くぼみが見当たらない場合でも、軟X線分析をかければ、潜在圧痕も見つけられる。
 

If no indentations are found, soft X-ray analysis can be used to find latent indentations.
 

 

圧痕は種実に限らず土器に模様をつけたり、形作った施文具・調整具・爪痕・指紋、土器の敷物痕(木葉痕・編み物痕)などの同定も可能。

The indentations are not limited to seeds, but can also be used to identify patterns on earthenware, imitations of pens, tools, claw marks, fingerprints, and rug marks (leaf marks, knitting marks) on earthenware.


これらの同定によって、土器が屋内で造られたのか屋外だったのかや利用植物、土器製作の道具などがわかるのです。

These identifications can tell us whether the pottery was made indoors or outdoors, the plants used, and the tools used to make the pottery.


Ⅰ先生はこうした研究の中で、5000年前の縄文時代中期後半に作られた土器から栽培サイズのダイズの圧痕を発見。

In the course of his research, Dr. I discovered indentations of cultivated soybeans on pottery made 5,000 years ago in the latter half of the middle Jomon period.


この時代は、野生種ダイズやアズキを大型化・栽培化させた画期だったのではないかとのことです。

This may have been the period when wild soybeans and azuki beans were made larger and more cultivated.




 

S先生の授業では、黒板によどみなく様々な種実の圧痕を手書きし、

特徴を説明いただいたほか、

実際にレプリカ法を用いて電子顕微鏡観察もでき、

とても貴重な知識と体験がえられました。

In his class, we were able to see the indentations on the blackboard, and he explained the characteristics of the indentations, and we were also able to observe the indentations under an electron microscope using the replica method.




また先生の「考古学者のお仕事体験・土器に残る不思議なヘコミ」の市民講座に

レプリカ法補助ボランティアとして参加させていただきました。

I also had the opportunity to participate in a citizen's lecture on the work experience of high school scholars as a volunteer to assist in the replica method.


なお成績評価は、授業の出席態度と最後のテストで行われました。

Grades were based on class attendance and a test at the end.


次回は・・・

  (必須)考古学と関連科学(火山灰編年学)のご紹介



Next time...

  (Required) Introduction to Archaeology and Related Sciences (Volcanic Ash Archeology)


*** Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version) ***



 


(29)今回ご紹介するのは・・・

 (29) This time, I'd like to introduce...



(必須)考古学と関連科学(年代測定)

(Required) Archaeology and Related Sciences (Dating)


担当はK先生(C大文学部教授・炭素14年代測定と考古学研究のスペシャリスト)

Dr. K (Professor, Faculty of Letters, University of C, specialist in carbon-14 dating and archaeological research)


授業は、炭素14年代測定・AMS法・較正年代の原理と方法を理解したうえで、

縄文土器の年代測定、村の年代測定と集落の文化研究、

弥生・古墳時代の年代研究について行われた。

After understanding the principles and methods of carbon-14 dating, AMS, and calibrated dating, the class covered dating of Jomon pottery, village dating and cultural studies of villages, and dating of the Yayoi and Kofun periods.



その中で年代測定法についてのみご紹介すると

Of these, I will only introduce the dating methods.




遺物や遺跡の年代を測定する方法はこれまでいくつも考案され研究されてきたが、

私たちもよく目にする木の年輪を用いた「年輪年代法」では、

年輪パターン(年輪幅や密度)が生育時の環境変動を反映していることに着目し、

過去の資料と突き合わせることで相対年代を特定することができる。


The annual ring dating method, which uses the annual rings of trees that we often see, focuses on the fact that the annual ring patterns (annual ring width and density) reflect environmental changes during growth, and by comparing them with past data, it is possible to determine relative ages. The relative ages can be determined by comparing them with past data.



ヒノキでBC734年まで、スギはBC651年まで遡れる。
さらにスギとヒノキを連動させるとBC1313年まで遡れる可能性があるとのこと。


The cypress can be dated as far back as 734 BC, and the cedar as far back as 651 BC.
Furthermore, if the Japanese cedar and cypress are linked, it is possible to date them back to 1313 BC.
 

現代、最も行われている「炭素14年代測定」は、絶対年代を測る方法で、遺物や遺構・遺跡に一定の幅はあるが年代を特定することができる。

Carbon-14 dating, the most commonly used method of dating today, is an absolute dating method that can determine the age of artifacts, remains, and archaeological sites, although there is a certain range.


 

炭素14は放射性同位体で全炭素中の1兆分の1しか存在しないが、

β崩壊によっておよそ5730年で半減する特徴がある。


Carbon-14 is a radioactive isotope with only one trillionth of the total carbon content, and is characterized by its ability to halve in about 5,730 years through beta decay.


宇宙線によって大気中で生成され世界中に存在することから

食物連鎖などによって生存中の樹木や生き物の歯骨などに蓄積される


Since it is produced in the atmosphere by cosmic rays and exists all over the world, it accumulates in the teeth and bones of living trees and other living things through the food chain.


樹木は伐採等で、生き物は死とともに炭素14のβ崩壊がはじまるため、

発掘されるなどした骨や歯、木片などに蓄積された、

ごくわずかの炭素14(崩壊しないで残っている数)を測定(AMS法)することで、

伐採されたあるいは死亡した時期が特定できる。

その結果、遺跡が存在した時期も推測されることになる。

 

The beta decay of carbon-14 begins when trees are cut down, and when living creatures die. Therefore, by measuring (AMS method) the small amount of carbon-14 (the number of carbon-14 remaining without decay) accumulated in excavated bones, teeth, and wood fragments, it is possible to determine when the trees were cut down or when the creatures died. As a result, the time when the remains existed can be estimated.


ただし大気中の炭素14濃度は年ごとに違うため

年輪年代と突き合わせることで実年代がわかる。

However, since the concentration of carbon-14 in the atmosphere varies from year to year, the actual chronology can be determined by comparing it with the annual ring age.


これが北半球ではIntCal(イントキャル)という較正基準として

数年ごとに改定され公表される。

In the northern hemisphere, the IntCal is a calibration standard that is revised and published every few years.


 

最新は日本の国立歴史民族博物館が中心となって測定を進めてきた

日本産樹木年輪のデータが採用されIntCal20になった。

The latest IntCal20 is based on data from the National Museum of Japanese History and Ethnology, which has been taking the lead in measuring the annual rings of Japanese trees.


なお,博物館や発掘資料集の表記でcalBP5000年と書いてある場合は、

基準年の1950年から5000年遡るということなので(5000-1950)、

おおよそBC3050年となる。

In addition, if you see calBP5000 in a museum or excavation book, it means that it goes back 5000 years from the base year 1950 (5000-1950), which is approximately 3050 BC.


なお成績評価は、4課題のレポート(600字)で行われました。

Grading was based on four reports (600 words).



次回は・・・

  (必須)考古学と関連科学(植物遺体分析法)のご紹介



Next time...

  (Required) Archaeology and Related Sciences (Plant Remains Analysis Methods)



*** Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version) ***

(28)  「考古調査士」取得体験記 その4

 The experience of becoming an archaeological surveyor, part 4



今回は・・・(必須)考古学と関連科学(動物遺体分析)

(Required) Archaeology and Related Sciences (Animal Remains)

 




担当はT先生(早大卒で動物遺体分析法のスペシャリスト)


Dr. T (a graduate of Waseda University and a specialist in animal remains analysis methods) will be in charge.



1970年代以前は人骨以外は研究の対象から遠かったが、

後半から日本における自然遺物の研究が世界でも注目されるようになった


Before the 1970s, only human remains were studied in Japan, but since the latter half of the 20th century, the study of natural remains in Japan has been attracting attention from around the world.


日本の場合はヨーロッパなどと違い火山性の酸性土壌が多いため骨などのカルシウムが溶解しやすく遺体の残存状況はよくなかった。

Unlike Europe, Japan has a lot of volcanic acidic soil, so the calcium in bones dissolves easily, and the condition of remaining remains was not good.


しかし石灰岩や貝塚などのアルカリ性が強いところや

洞窟(秋芳洞など)のほか低湿地の一部では残存状態が良く、

特に沖縄は動物考古学の最先端となっている。
また焼骨は酸性にも強いため小片として残る。


However, in areas with strong alkalinity such as limestone and shell mounds, caves (such as Akiyodo), and some lowland areas, the condition of remains is good, and Okinawa in particular is at the forefront of zooarchaeology.
Burned bones are also resistant to acidity, so they remain as small fragments.




授業では、動物遺体の種類や残りやすい部位と平均的な出土確立の知識をはじめとして、

1,産状(出土状況)の記録
2,遺体の採取(ピックアップ法とフルイ法)
3,遺体分析(種類・年齢、性別、体長)
4,定量化(出土数と比率)
 について基礎を学ぶことができた。


In the class, we will learn about the types of animal remains, the parts that tend to remain, and the average establishment of excavation.

1,Recording the conditions of excavation
2,Collection of remains (pick-up method and flue method)
3,Body analysis (type, age, sex, length)
4、Quantification (number and ratio of excavated remains)


そして、動物遺体の分析によって、発掘された遺跡や地域における以下の解明が可能になることを知った。

1,生産活動の復元
2,加工処理・流通過程の復元
3,古環境の推定
4,人間活動が環境に与えた影響の解明(乱獲・移入など)
5,家畜の起源
6,骨角(皮革)製品の生産技術の復元
7,動物儀礼の復元
8,遺跡間の社会的関係性


The analysis of animal remains will enable us to understand the following in the excavated sites and areas.

1. Reconstruction of production activities
2. Reconstruction of processing and distribution processes
3. Estimation of the paleoenvironment
4. Elucidation of the impact of human activities on the environment (overfishing, relocation, etc.)
5. Origin of livestock
6. Reconstruction of production technology of bone and horn (leather) products
7. Reconstruction of animal rituals
8,Social relationships among archaeological sites


貝塚は古代の単なるゴミ捨て場ではない。

見ることができる、おびただしい貝や骨も、

分析一つで様々なことがわかる宝であることが、

はっきりと分かった大変有意義な授業だった。

Shell mounds are not just ancient garbage dumps.
 It was a very meaningful lesson that made it clear that the many shells and bones that can be seen are also treasures that can be analyzed to reveal various things.


なお成績評価は、最後の授業の試験で行われました。

Grading was done by an exam at the last class.

写真引用/伊興遺跡公園展示館(東京都足立区)より



次回は・・・
     (必須)考古学と関連科学(年代測定)のご紹介


Next time...
     (Required) Introduction to Archaeology and Related Sciences (Dating)



*** Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version) ***





 

(27)今回ご紹介するのは・・・

 
(27) This time, I'd like to introduce...


(必須)考古学演習1(実習)C


(Required) Cultural Properties Administration


 

担当はA先生(早大卒の埼玉県で発掘されている先生)とkさん(早大院生)


In charge of the class were Professor A (a graduate of Waseda University who is excavating in Saitama Prefecture) and Mr. k (a graduate student of Waseda University).



授業は、発掘によって遺跡がなくなる代わりに作成する

発掘調査報告書のつくり方!


The class was on how to make an excavation report to replace the ruins that are lost due to excavation!



①測量(x・y・z)実習(基本3人一組で図る)

 ・水準測量(レベル操作とベンチマークの移動)
 ・遣り方測量
 ・トータルステーションの操作と測量



1, Surveying (x, y, z) practice

The basic approach is to work in groups of three.

 ・Surveying (x, y, z) practice using a surveying instrument called a total station
 ・ Surveying (x, y, z) practice using a surveying instrument called a total station.
 ・Level operation and benchmark movement (2) Total station operation and surveying



②報告書の作成実習(基本2人1組で行う)

 ・拓本による遺物の図化(土器の文様)

 


 

 

 ・遺物の実測(3次元をすべて2次元へ)

 


 

 

・トレース(実測図の製図)

 


 ・図版の版組
 ・写真撮影・・・<この回は仕事により欠席(;_:)>
 ・遺跡の三次元計測


2,Practical training for report writing

Basically, work in pairs.

 ・Drawing of artifacts using rubbings (patterns on earthenware)
 ・Actual measurement of artifacts (from 3D to 2D)
 ・Tracing (drawing of measured drawings)
 ・Plating of illustrations
 ・Photographing
 ・Three-dimensional measurement of archaeological sites



成績評価(P・C・B・A・A+)は授業の出席状況と

授業内容の習得度で決まったようです。


Grades (P, C, B, A, A+) were determined by class attendance and the level of mastery of the class content.


感想・・・半分は屋外での実習で、直接縄文土器を触りながらの製図もあり

とても実践的で、楽しく学習できました。

A先生と院生のkさんの説明、とても分かりやすく

15回の授業それぞれがあっという間でした。

A先生いわく、もっと時間が取れるならば、実際の発掘現場での実習ができれば良いが、

大学の近くに通える現場を探すのは東京だと難しいと。

学部生にならないと日程や時間的に厳しいのでしょうが、

個人的には実費を払ってでも合宿のような体験を取り入れてくださるとうれしいかな。

 
Impressions: Half of the practical training was done outdoors, and some of it was done while directly touching the Jomon pottery, which was very practical and fun to learn.

 The explanations given by Dr. A and Mr. k, a graduate student, were very easy to understand and each of the 15 classes flew by.

However, he said that it is difficult to find a site near the university in Tokyo. It may be difficult for undergraduates to find the time and schedule, but personally, I would be happy if you could incorporate a camp-like experience even if you have to pay for it.



・・・・次回は考古学と関連科学(動物遺体)のご紹介!


 ・・・・・・・・ Next time: Archaeology and Related Sciences (Animal Remains)!



*** Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version) ***



 

(26)今回ご紹介するのは・・・

 (26) This time, I'd like to introduce...


「考古調査士」取得体験記 その2

 The experience of becoming an archaeological surveyor, part 2


 

4月6日いよいよ授業開始!

On April 6, classes finally began!


私は、受講可能な5科目(内4科目は必須)すべて履修届を出した

I registered for all five courses (four of which were required) that I could take

(必須)文化財行政学
(必須)考古学演習1(実習)C
(必須)考古学と関連科学B
(選択)考古学概論
(必須)文化財の保存と活用


(Required) Cultural Properties Administration
(Required) Archaeological Practice 1 (Practicum) C
(Required) Archaeology and Related Sciences B
(Elective) Introduction to Archaeology
(Required) Conservation and Utilization of Cultural Properties

 

1科目は2単位なので76000円(1単位38000円×2)

One course is 2 credits, so 76,000 yen (38,000 yen per credit x 2)


5科目とった私は380,000円の授業料を払った。

I took five courses and paid 380,000 yen in tuition.


授業1回90分当たりの単価は約5000円(76000円÷15)となる。

In other words, one 90-minute class is about 5,000 yen (76,000 yen / 15).



授業時間割は

1科目 9時から10時半
2科目 10時40分から12時10分
3科目 1時から2時半
4科目 2時45分から4時15分
5科目 4時半から6時まで

The class schedule was

One class from 9:00 to 10:30
2 classes from 10:40 to 12:10
3 classes from 1:00 to 2:30
4 subjects from 2:45 to 4:15
5 classes from 4:30 to 6:00



つまり朝9時から夕方6時までびっしりだが1科目単価を考えると休むなんて社会人的には絶対あり得ない!

In other words, from 9:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m., it's a full day of work, but when you consider the cost per subject, there's no way a working person would ever take a day off!


授業料を親から出してもらった学生が平気で授業を休めるのは金銭的価値を理解できていないから仕方がない!自分の財布で負担して初めてわかることだから。

In a way, it's probably inevitable that kids who are paid for by their parents can miss classes without a care in the world because they don't understand the monetary value of it!

 It's only when they bear the burden with their own wallets that they understand.


一方社会人は、自己負担した対価を期待することになるから大学側の授業の質が問われることになる。

On the other hand, working people will expect to be compensated for what they have paid for, so the quality of the classes will be questioned by the university.


さあいよいよ授業の開始だ!

Now it was time to start the class!


文化財行政学・・・難しそうな学問名!

Cultural Property Administration... Sounds like a difficult subject!


担当はM先生(早大卒のT大学文学部教授)

In charge of the class was Mr. M, a professor of literature at T University who graduated from Waseda University.


専門は実験痕跡研究。

His specialty is experimental trace research. 


30年間発掘に携わってこられたすごい方だ!

He has been involved in excavations  for 30 years.


授業では、遺跡や古墳の調査・発掘、国宝や重文なども

法律等に基づいて管理等されていること。

その基本となる文化財保護法を理解し活用できることが

大原則であることを教えてくださった。


The class will cover research and excavation of archaeological sites and ancient tombs, as well as the management of national treasures and important cultural properties based on laws and regulations. 

He taught us that the basic principle is to be able to understand and utilize the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties.



また文化財保護法も他の法律と同様に日本国憲法のもとに

国段階では法律・政令・府令・省令、告示・公示、通知の順で、

地方公共団体段階では法を超えない範囲で

条例・規則・告示・公示・通知があることを教わった。

We were taught that the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties, like other laws, is based on the Constitution of Japan, and that at the national level there are laws, cabinet orders, prefectural ordinances, ministerial ordinances, public notices, and notifications, in that order, and at the local government level there are ordinances, regulations, public notices, public announcements, and notifications to the extent that they do not exceed the law.

 


最後の授業では試験が行われ6割以上とれないと

単位をもらえない科目だった。・・( ゚Д゚)

It was a course where you had to take an exam in the last class and if you didn't get more than 60%, you didn't get credit.


新聞やテレビでよくみる発掘のニュースではあったが、

あまり法律上の位置づけなど深く考えることもなかったが、

先生の授業のおかげで埋蔵文化財を発掘する重みと

むやみやたらに行わずに未来へ大切に保存しなければならないことが

よく分かった授業だった。


I often saw news about excavations in newspapers and on TV, but I never thought much about the legal status of such excavations, but thanks to your class, I was able to understand the importance of excavating buried cultural properties and the need to preserve them for the future.


・・・・次回は考古学演習1(実習)Cのご紹介!


 ・・・・ Next time, we'll continue with Archaeological Exercise 1 (Practical) C!


*** Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version) ***

 

今回ご紹介するのは・・・(25)

早大で 「考古調査士」取得体験記 その1

私は、古代史の特に日本では縄文時代から奈良時代までが好きなんです。
在職中から時間を見つけては貝塚や古墳、歴史的遺構、資料館めぐり、たまに発掘結果報告会の抽選にあたると出かけていました。
ですが、しょせん考古学という学問上では素人!
やっぱり浅い理解力からくる物足りなさは否めませんでした。
社会人枠で大学に入り直せるかな?なんて漠然と思ったりしてました。


2018年の暮れ、57歳を過ぎて、退職後の第二の人生を見据えた始めたとき「考古調査士」という興味をそそる民間資格を発見!

ネットで調べると4年生大学に入学し「考古調査士」取得のための必須4科目8単位が必要とある

考古調査士資格認定機構HPに掲載されている大学とコースは

愛知学院大学(学部コース・大学院コース)    
金沢学院大学(学部コース)
金沢大学(学部コース)
京都芸術大学(学部コース)    
京都橘大学(学部コース)
國學院大學(学部コース・大学院コース)
国士舘大学(学部コース)
札幌学院大学(学部コース)
札幌国際大学(学部コース)
札幌大学(大学院コース・学部コース)
昭和女子大学(学部コース・大学院コース)
大正大学(学部コース)    
北海道大学(大学院コース・学部コース    
早稲田大学(社会人課程・大学院コース・学部コース)

4年間の学費等で最低500万円は必要だし、まず受験して受からなければならない!

こりゃ無理だ・・・ん?あれっ

早稲田大学だけ「社会人過程」とある

さっそく右枠の『考古調査士養成プログラム』URLをクリック!!

なるほど・・・社会人向けにキャリアアップコースが年に1回だけあるんだ・・・!

出願資格は?

22歳以上で高等学校卒業またはそれと同等以上の学力を持つと認められかつ以下の条件のいずれかを満たす者

①埋蔵文化財調査の実務経験を有する者

②埋蔵文化財調査に強く関心を持つと認められる者

もしかして②でいけるかも?じゃん!

2019年明けて1月末に「チャレンジしたい!」と妻と相談!

お金はなんだかんだで40万くらいかかるけれどOKでました(^^)/!

2019年度の出願期間は2月1日から15日まで

必要書類は受講申請書(履修科目申請)・履歴書・証明写真・選考料(25000円)納入証明書・最終学歴の成績証明書及び卒業証明書(中退の場合は中退証明書)・志望理由書等

選考結果は3月14日発表・・・・( ゚Д゚)

やっぱり!選考があるんだ!

履歴書・成績証明とか志望理由書(400~600字)で判断されるんだ!

急がなきゃ!成績証明・卒業証明も田舎とのやり取りで時間かかる!

問題は志望理由書だ!

就職試験を経験した娘や社会人で大学入試を突破した妻に

下書きした志望理由書を見せて添削をいただく!

「勉強したいっていう具体的な気持ちと

これまでの物足りなかった実体験を書かなきゃダメなのよ!」

ふむふむなるほど!

なんとか必要書類揃えて2月1日に郵便局へGO!

不備なものがあったら大変だからね!



 

それから待つこと40日以上・・選考結果は合格!

40年ぶりに味わう「やったー!」・・試験があったわけじゃないけどうれしかったよ。

学生証交付と授業開始は4月6日だった。

早稲田大学文学学術院の科目履修生として顔写真入りの学生証いただきました。

大学の図書館は授業日以外でも自由に利用し借りることもOK!もちろん学食もね!

映画や博物館の割引も対象だけど、社会人なので交通定期は対象外だった。




いよいよ待ちに待った授業開始だ!・・・・次回に続く!

 

早大文学部写真の引用/JapaneseClass.JPより



I'd like to introduce you to...

 What is an "archaeologist"? What is an archaeologist?

I love ancient history, especially from the Jomon to Nara periods in Japan.
I have been visiting shell mounds, ancient tombs, historical remains, and archives whenever I could find the time during my employment, and sometimes when I won a lottery for a report meeting on excavation results.
However, I am an amateur in the field of archaeology!
I couldn't deny that my understanding of archaeology was inadequate.
I wondered vaguely if I could re-enter university as a working adult. I wondered vaguely.


At the end of 2018, when I was 57 years old and starting to think about my second life after retirement, I discovered an intriguing private certification called "archaeological surveyor"!

When I looked it up online, I found that I needed to enroll in a four-year university and take eight credits of four required courses to become an "archaeological surveyor.

The universities and courses listed on the website of the National Institute for Archaeological Research Certification are

Aichi Gakuin University (undergraduate course, graduate course)    
Kanazawa Gakuin University (undergraduate course)
Kanazawa University (undergraduate course)
Kyoto University of Arts (undergraduate course)    
Kyoto Tachibana University (Undergraduate course)
Kokugakuin University (Undergraduate course / Graduate course)
Kokushikan University (Undergraduate course)
Sapporo Gakuin University (Undergraduate course)
Sapporo International University (Undergraduate Course)
Sapporo University (Undergraduate course / Graduate course)
Showa Women's University (Undergraduate course, Graduate course)
Taisho University (Undergraduate Courses)    
Hokkaido University (Graduate Courses / Undergraduate Courses)    
Waseda University (Adult Course, Graduate Course, Undergraduate Course)

I'll need at least 5 million yen for 4 years of tuition, and I'll have to take the entrance exam and get accepted first!

This is impossible... Hmm? Hmmm... Waseda University is the only university that offers a "working adult course".

Quickly click on the "Archaeologist Training Program" URL on the right frame!

I see... they have a career development course for working people only once a year...!

The problem is the application requirements! (1) Those who have practical experience in archaeological survey, (2) Those who are recognized as having a strong interest in archaeological survey.

Maybe I can get in with(2)? That's it!

At the beginning of 2019, at the end of January, I said to my wife, "I want to try! My wife and I discussed it! It's going to cost me about 400,000 yen, but I got the OK (^^)/!

The application period for the 2019 academic year is from February 1 to 15.

Required documents are application form, resume, photo, proof of payment of the screening fee (25,000 yen), transcript of the last school attended, graduation certificate (if you dropped out of school, dropout certificate), statement of reasons for applying, etc.

Selection results will be announced on March 14 at ・・・・( ゚Д゚)

I knew it! There's a screening process! I'll be judged on my resume, transcript, and statement of purpose (400-600 words)!

I have to hurry! I've got to hurry! The transcripts and graduation certificate will take a while to get through to the countryside! The problem is the personal statement!

I show the draft of my personal statement to my daughter, who's been through the job application process, and my wife, who's been through the university entrance exam as a working adult, and ask them to correct it for me.

She said, "You have to write about your specific desire to study and your actual experiences that have been lacking so far! I see!

I managed to get all the necessary documents together and went to the post office on February 1st, because it would be a disaster if anything was incomplete!

After more than 40 days of waiting, I got the result! It wasn't an exam, but I was happy.

My student card was issued and classes started on April 6th.

I received a student ID card with my photo as a non-degree student of the Waseda University Faculty of Letters.

I can freely use and borrow books from the university library outside of class days, and of course, the school cafeteria!

Discounts for movies and museums are also covered, but since I'm a working adult, my transportation pass was not.


Now it's time to start classes! ・・・・ to be continued!

*** Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version) ***

今回ご紹介するのは・・・


This time I would like to introduce...



   京都府向日市にある五塚原(いつかはら)古墳  (24)


   The Itsukahara Tumulus in Muko City, Kyoto Prefecture



向日丘陵を登ると「はり湖池」があり、小さな公園のふもとに石碑がたつ


Climbing up the Mukohi Hill, you will come to Harihoko Pond, where a stone monument stands at the foot of a small park.



この森にしか見えないものが奈良の纏向に通じる最古級の大型前方後円墳


What appears to be nothing more than a forest is one of the oldest large anterior-posterior tombs ,which is connected to the Makimuku in Nara.



築造はAC250-290年頃(古墳時代最初期・3世紀中葉-後半頃)


It was built around 250-290 A.C. (the first period of the Kofun period, around the middle to late 3rd century).



全長約91m、後円部直径約54m、高さ約9m


Total length: 91m, diameter of the back part: 54m, height: 9m



前方部のバチ形は纒向古墳群の東田大塚(ひがいだおおつか)古墳と、

墳丘の斜面途中にある平坦面が箸墓古墳と共通する


The shape of the front part of the mound is similar to that of the Higaidaotsuka tumulus in the Makimuku tumulus group, and the flat surface in the middle of the slope of the mound is similar to that of the Hashihaka Tomb tumulus.



墳丘は、後円部三段、前方部二段築成で畿内大王墓の基本設計になるとする説もある


There is a theory that the mound was constructed with three levels in the back of the circle and two levels in the front, and that this is the basic design of the tombs of the great kings of the Kinai region.


全体に葺石あるも埴輪はない

There is no haniwa (clay figurine) in the entire tomb.







埋葬施設は、後円部墳頂における竪穴式石室


The burial facility is a pit-type stone chamber at the top of the rear circular mound.



石室例として初めてとなる川原石の自然石の積み上げにより構築されている


This is the first example of a stone chamber constructed of natural Kawahara stone.



石室は長さ6.2m・幅1.3m、高さは1.5m以上と推定


The stone chamber is estimated to be 6.2 m long and 1.3 m wide, with a height of over 1.5 m.

 


引用/京都府向日市歴史・観光サイトHP、ウイキペディア
      現地説明版は本格調査の前のものと思われるため平面図のみ引用しました。


Reference: Muko City History and Tourism Site HP, Wikipedia

   Only the plan view is cited because the local description version is believed to be from before the full-scale survey.



翻訳/DeepL翻訳

Translation / DeepL Translation 

今回ご紹介するのは・・・

 奈良県明日香村小山の大官大寺(だいかんだいじ)跡
(23)



I would like to introduce to you...
The ruins of Daikandaiji Temple, quietly located in Oyama, Asuka Village, Nara Prefecture


大官大寺はは飛鳥時代に明日香地域で建立された寺院の中で最大といわれながら未完成のまま、AC711年に藤原京の大火によって焼失。


Daikantaiji Temple is said to be the largest temple built in the Asuka area during the Asuka Period.However, it was destroyed by fire in 711 AC in Fujiwara-kyo.


いまは、荒れ果てた草むらに案内板と石柱があるのみ

Now, there is only an information board and a stone pillar in the deserted grass.


 

 

発掘調査で伽藍配置は、中門・金堂・講堂が一列に並び、中門と金堂をつなぐ回廊のなかの東部のみに塔を配置。


According to the excavation, the layout of the temple was as follows: the middle gate, Kondo, and lecture hall were all in a row, and the pagoda was placed only in the eastern part of the corridor connecting the middle gate and Kondo.
The pagoda is located only in the eastern part of the corridor connecting the central gate and the main hall. 


おそらく大安寺と同じように西部にも塔を建造する予定だったのだろう。


It was probably planned to be built in the western part of the corridor, just like Daian-ji.



回廊に囲まれる範囲は東西144m南北195mで、東大寺の創建当初の回廊規模と同じ


The area surrounded by the cloister is 144m east-west and 195m north-south, the same size as the original cloister of Todaiji Temple.



塔の大きさも基壇は一辺約35m。塔は一辺15mあり東大寺の東塔(高さ約100m)と同程度あったことが推定されている。


The base of the pagoda is about 35 meters on a side, and the pagoda is 15 meters on a side.
It is estimated that the pagoda was about the same size as the East Pagoda of Todaiji Temple (about 100m high).



京都の東寺(とうじ)の五重塔どころではない規模だ


This is much larger than the five-story pagoda of Toji Temple in Kyoto.



大官大寺はまさに飛鳥最大の寺院だったのだろう。


Daikantai-ji must have been the largest temple in Asuka.




なお大官大寺の火災のすさまじさは、焼け落ちた垂木(たるき)が地面に突き刺さった後も燃えていたことがわかっている。


It is known that when the temple burned down, the rafters of the main hall and the middle gate were burned down and stuck into the ground.



引用/旅する明日香ネットHP・現地説明板・かしはら探訪ナビなど


Quotes/Traveling Asuka Net HP, local information boards, Kashihara Exploration Navigation, etc.



翻訳/DeepL翻訳


Translation / DeepL Translation

今回ご紹介するのは・・・


This time, I'd like to introduce...



   福井市免鳥町にある免鳥長山(めんどりながやま)古墳
(22)



   The Mendori Nagayama burial mound in Fukui City, Fukui Prefecture!




NAVIでは容易にたどり着けない密林の秘境にある!


It's located in a densely forested unexplored area that cannot be easily reached by NAVI!

 





長年の感で、越前海岸から山に向かって伸びる、うらびれた別荘が続く細い道を登る


I climbed up a narrow path of rustic villas stretching from the Echizen coast to the mountain, based on a long-held feeling.




途中から藪となり、半信半疑のなか、かき分けて進むと視界が開け、山の尾根道に達する。


Halfway up the path, it became overgrown with bushes, and I was skeptical, 
but after shoveling my way through, the view opened up and I reached the mountain ridge.

 



ほどなく発掘現場の看板に遭遇することができた


Soon after, we came across a sign for the excavation site.





ここからさらに急斜面を登っていくと眼前にその姿を現す!


Climbing up the steep slope, we came upon the site!



知る人ぞ知る免鳥長山古墳だ!


It's the Mento Chouzan Tumulus, known to all!






墳丘は急こう配で、斜面にはおびただしい数の角ばった葺石があるため登りにくい


The mound is steep and difficult to climb because of the large number of angular thatched stones on the slope.



後円部の頂からは越前海岸が一望できる


From the top of the back circular section, one can enjoy a panoramic view of the Echizen Coast.

 



 

東西に造出2基が付く帆立貝形古墳


A scallop-shaped tomb with two mounds built on the east and west sides.

 

 


 

全長90m、後円部直径78m、後円部のみ2段築成


Total length 90 m, diameter of the back circle 78 m. Only the back circle is built in two

 stages.

 




築造はAC400-450年までの間(5世紀前葉)と推測


Estimated to have been built between 400 and 450 AC (early 5th century).



2基の造出しと全体を写真に収めようとしたのだがあまりにも斜面が急で


I tried to take pictures of the two structures and the whole tomb, but the slope was too steep and the whole tomb was too huge.



古墳全体も巨大なため、撮影ポイントを見いだせず、

東の造り出し部分のみの写真になってしまった


However, the slope was too steep and the whole tomb was too huge, so I couldn't find a good place to take photos, and ended up taking only the eastern part of the tomb.



後円部の頂には家形・甲冑形の埴輪が確認されている


At the top of the rear circle, house-shaped and armor-shaped haniwa (clay figurines) have been found.



埋葬施設は三角形・円形の文様を蓋に彫った笏谷石製の舟形石棺


The burial facility is a boat-shaped sarcophagus made of scepter stone with triangular and circular patterns carved on the lid.



副葬品は太刀の柄頭装飾、石製の腕飾片、勾玉・管玉・棗玉などが出土している。


As for burial accessories, ornaments on the hilt of a sword, stone armor pieces, magatama (jade beads), tubular beads, and jujube beads have been excavated.



古墳時代中期の北陸地方では最大級


One of the largest in the Hokuriku region in the mid-Kofun period.


引用/ウイキペディア・文化遺産オンライン・福井市文化遺産HP(福井市商工労働部観光文化局文化振興課)・福井の文化財HP


Citation: Wikipedia, Cultural Heritage Online, Fukui City Cultural Heritage HP (Cultural Promotion Division, Tourism and Culture Bureau, Commerce, Industry and Labor Department, Fukui City), Fukui's Cultural Properties HP


翻訳/DeepL翻訳


Translation / DeepL Translation

*** Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version) ***