Conventions and Assurances concerning the laws and customs of war are discussed in Appendix D, and particulars of breaches of the laws and customs of war for which the accused are responsible are set forth therein.
Individual responsibility for crimes set out in the indictment and official positions of responsibility held by each of the accused during the period with which the indictment is concerned are presented in Appendix E.
審理でその事件を提示する際、検察は、「証明されたよく知られた陰謀法」であることがわかった。
In presenting its case at the hearing the prosecution offered what it characterized to be "the well-recognized conspiracy method of proof".
証明することを約束した
It undertook to prove:
I.（a）全面的な陰謀があった
I. (a) that there was an over-all conspiracy
（b）、その陰謀は、包括的な性格と継続的性質のものであることを証明した。
(b) that the said conspiracy was of a comprehensive character and of a continuing nature;
2. that the object and purpose of the said conspiracy consisted in the complete domination by Japan of all the territories generally known as Greater East Asia described in the indictment;
3.陰謀の計画は、以下の方法により、そのような支配を確実なものとすることである。
3. that the design of the conspiracy was to secure such domination by
The prosecution claimed that as soon as it would succeed in proving the above matters, the guilt of the accused would be established without anything more and that it would not matter whether any particular accused had actually participated in the commission of any specified act or not.
被告人は、1から5の訴因において、共通の計画または陰謀の策定または実施に参加したことで告発された。
In counts one to five the accused are charged with having participated in the formulation or execution of a common plan or conspiracy,
the object of such plan or conspiracy being the military, naval, political and economic domination of certain territories and the means designed for achieving this object being :
１、宣戦布告された、または宣戦布告されていない戦争、または侵略戦争
1. declared or undeclared war or wars of aggression
First lieutenant Fujii (promoted to Major later) 29 years old
May 28, 1945
Killed in action in Okinawa war
Kazuo Fujii took office as an instructor at the Kumagai Army Flight School and was in charge of mental education as a student soldier of the boys flying soldiers.
"In the case of a suicide bomber to enemy teams, or suicide to an enemy ship, the captain of the midfielder will always go on," said Lieutenant Fujii, saying like a habit, before the operation of kamikaze was begun.
When the kamikaze operation began, the students took a sort of kamikaze attack sortie.
Mr. Kazuo Fujii was touched by the pain and felt responsibility every time he received reports on the Killed in action of his students.
He could not take responsible as an instructor when he saw that the students were going to be Killed in action one after another.
Kazuo Fujii volunteered voluntarily as a promise with the students.
However, it was dismissed.
Because Kazuo Fujii was an officer of a wife and children, he was not a pilot.
Kazuo Fujii had a wife and two young daughters.
Although I was Kazuo Fujii who could not fulfill my wish, I again issued a petition without giving up.
However, it has been rejected again.
Fukuko, his wife who knew the husband 's hard decision, ties a hand with a daughter of the eldest daughter Ichiko(3 years old) dressed in fine clothing on December 15, 1953, brings back the second daughter Chieko (1 year old),
Three people, parents and children, flowed near the Kumagai Army Flight School, got damaged by entering the cold Arakawa river in winter.
And she left a will following.
"If we were there, we will be sorrowful of the later application and you will not be able to do as much activity as possible, so we are waiting in other world to go ahead"
Kazuo Fujii who heard this report broke down in front of the three dead bodies
Kazuo Fujii submitted his blood petition petition again, cutting off his little finger, in order not to waste his wife 's death.
In consideration of such circumstances, the Japanese Army finally accepted a volunteer application.
On May 28, 1959, Kazuo Fujii, with 10 crew members, He sorted out from the Chiran base towards Okinawa. Finally, He spread a telegram of "I will attack".
A letter to Ichiko (3 years old) and Chieko (1 year old) who went to other world first.
Count I charges that the conspiracy was to secure the domination of East Asia and of the Pacific and Indian Oceans; Count 2 domination of Manchuria;Count 3, domination of all China; Count 4, domination of the same areas named in Count 1, by waging such illegal war against sixteen specified countries and peoples.
In Count 5, the accused are charged with conspiring with Germany and Italy to secure the domination of the world by the waging of such illegal wars against any opposing countries.
The prosecution charges in the next twelve counts (6 to 17) that all or certain accused planned and prepared such illegal wars against twelve nations or people attacked pursuant thereto.
In the next nine counts (18 to 26) it is charged that all or certain accused initiated such illegal wars against eight nations or peoples, identifying in a separate count each nation or people so attacked.
In the next ten counts (27 to 36) it is charged that the accused waged such illegal wars against nine nations or peoples, identifying in a separate count each nation or people so warred upon.
第２グループでは、殺人と殺人陰謀が、１６件の訴因（３７から５２）により起訴されている。
In Group Two, murder or conspiracy to murder is charged in sixteen counts (37 to 52).
It is charged, in Count 37, that certain accused conspired unlawfully to kill and murder people of the United States, the Philippines, the British Commonwealth, the Netherlands and Thailand (Siam), by ordering, causing and permitting Japanese armed forces, in time of peace, to attack those people in violation of Hague Convention III,
そして、訴因38では、ハーグ条約第III項以外の多数の条約に違反したとして起訴された。
and in Count 38, in violation of numerous treaties other than Hague Convention III.
It is charged in the next five counts (39 to 43) that the accused unlawfully killed and murdered the persons indicated in Counts 37 and 38 by ordering, causing and permitting, in time of peace, armed attacks by Japanese armed forces, on December 7 and 8, 1941, at Pearl Harbour, Kota Bahru, Hong Kong, Shanghai and Davao.
The accused are charged in the next count (44) with conspiracy to procure and permit the murder of prisoners of war, civilians and crews of torpedoed ships.
"The charges in the last eight counts (45 to 52) of this group are that certain accused, by ordering, causing and permitting Japanese armed forces unlawfully to attack certain cities in China (Counts 45 to 50) and territory in Mongolia and of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Counts 51 and 52), unlawfully killed and murdered large numbers of soldiers and civilians.
第3グループの訴因（５３から５５）では、従来の戦争犯罪と”人道に対する罪”が起訴されている。
"In Group Three, the final group of counts (53 to 55), other conventional War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity, are charged.
Certain specified accused are charged in Count 53 with having conspired to order, authorize and permit Japanese commanders, War Ministry officials, police and subordinates to violate treaties and other laws by committing atrocities and other crimes against many thousands of prisoners of war and civilians belonging to the United States, the British Commonwealth, France, Netherlands, the Philippines, China, Portugal and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
"Certain specified accused are directly charged in Count 54 with having ordered, authorized and permitted the persons mentioned in Count 53 to commit offences mentioned in that Count.
The same specified accused are charged in the final count (55) with having violated the laws of war by deliberately
recklessly disregarding their legal duty to take adequate steps to secure the observance of conventions, assurances and the laws of war for the protection of prisoners war and civilians of the nations and peoples named in Count 53"
THE UNITED STATES of AMERICA, THE REPUBLIC of CHINA, THE UNITED KINGDOM of GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND, THE UNION of SoVIET So CIALIST REPUBucs, THE Commonwealth of AUSTRALIA, CANADA, THE RePUBLIC of FRANCE, the KINGDOM of the NETHERLANDs, New ZEALAND, INDIA AND THE Commonwealth of the PHILIPPINES
I sincerely regret my inability to concur in the judgment and decision of my learned brothers. Having regard to the gravity of the case and of the questions of law and of fact involved in it, I feel it my duty to indicate my view of the questions that arise for the decision of this Tribunal
On April 29, 1946 the eleven prosecuting nations named above filed their indictment against twenty-eight persons. Accused Matsuoka, Yosuke and Nagano, Osami died during the pendency of this trial and accused Okawa, Shumei was discharged from the present proceeding because of his mental in-Competency. The remaining twenty-five persons are now arraigned as accused before us to take their trial for what has been stated to be the major war- crimes.
Evidence has been given in this case connecting each of the accused with the Government of Japan during the relevant period. Details showing this connection will be given as occasion arises.
これらの被告人に対する告発は、３つのカテゴリーと５５の訴因に分類されています。
l、”平和に対する罪”。（訴因1〜訴因36）
2、殺人。（訴因37〜訴因52）
3、従来の戦争の罪と”人道に対する罪”。（訴因53〜訴因55）
The charges against these accused persons are laid in fifty-five counts grouped in three categories:
l. Crimes against Peace. (Count 1 to Count 36)
2. Murder. (Count 37 to Count 52)
3. Conventional War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity. (Count 53 to Count 55)
The counts of charges are prefaced by an introductory summary amply indicating the nature of the prosecution case and are appended with five appendices in the nature of bills of particulars.
検察自体の言葉では、
In the language of the prosecution itself
第１グループでは、平和に対する罪で定義されているとおり、36件の訴因で起訴されます。
in group one, Crimes against Peace As defined in the chapter are charged in thirty-six counts.
In the first five counts the accused are charged with conspiracy to secure the military, naval, political and economic domination of certain areas, by the waging of declared or undeclared war or wars of aggression and of war or wars in violation of international law, treaties, agreements and assurances.
While Koreans in Japan (Zainichi) have been forcibly taken to Japan during the war, some even say that there are many Koreans living in Japan who could not return home even after the war back even if they wanted to return to Korean Peninsula.
Is it true?
Just before the end of the war, nearly 2 million Koreans lived in Japan, of which 1 million came to Japan since 1940.
(Ministry of Interior Security Bureau)
Among them, it is estimated that there are approximately 250,000 group transfer workers.
(Metropolitan Police Department Guard 2 Shinozaki Heiji Police "Korean residents in Japan" Order Statement)
It is said that 520,000 contract workers were sent from Korea to Japan during the three years from 1942 to 1945.
(Edward Wagner: "The Korean Minority in Japan")
During the war, the number of soldiers and military personnel who were responded to by the Koreans were 365,263 people, including the Army and Army.
(Survey of Vacancies Bureau)
Immediately after the end of the war, the Koreans in Japan (Zainichi) rushed to the ports of the lower Seki, Senzaki, Hakata, Sasebo, Maizuru, Hakodate, Uraka, shouting "Liberation of the people and returning to their country".
the Koreans in Japan (Zainichi) got on board a Japanese boat, pulling it out from Busan etc. to Japan.
On September 2, 1945, Follow directions from SCAP, the Japanese government continued its planned withdrawal such as the formation of extraordinary trains, the addition of vehicles, the burden of transportation expenses, and the support of boarding areas It was.
By August 1945 by around the end of February in 1946, about 930,000 people were withdrawn by a planned ship made by the Japanese government, and they were withdrawn by a temporary ship other than the regular route About 400 thousand people were lifted by a total of 1.34 million Koreans.
Follow directions from SCAP, the Japanese government has the Koreans, Chinese people, main islanders and their domicile in Kagoshima Prefecture or Kagoshima Prefecture south of Northern latitude (including Kanoshima) or Okinawa Prefecture in March 1946 Establishment order of things "promulgated.
By doing this, the Japanese government decided to investigate whether there is a person who desires to withdraw and make a planned repatriation. (Hereinafter referred to as Ministry of Health and Welfare)
A total of 647,006 Koreans in Japan (of which 3,595 sentenced inmates)
Among them, 514,060 applicants who wish to return to South Korea (of which 3,373 sentenced inmates)
Among them, 9,701 applicants who wish to return to North Korea (of which 289 sentenced inmates)
The Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP) warned the Koreans in Japan as follows:
"Those who wish to withdraw must start at the time the Japanese government instructs.
Otherwise the privilege of withdrawal by the cost of the Japanese government will be lost and we will have to wait until the convenience of commercial transport is possible.
On April 5, 1946, Deputy Director of the Retrieval Support Institute issued a notice of "Regarding the repatriation of non-Japanese people" to the Regional Secretary,
We strictly advised thoroughly not to leave those who wished to return home, and warned that we could not return home due to the responsibilities and expenses of the Japanese government, missing this opportunity.
In addition, due to such circumstances, we anticipated that a considerable number of people will be flooded at one time, decided Senzaki Port and Hakata Port as the sending port, set up a transportation plan for each municipality, and made every effort. (Tone of Ministry of Health and Welfare)
At that time the Japanese government made arrangements in general although it was under difficult circumstances.
However, surprising things have happened.
Return shipping vessel and extraordinary transportation train operated with leaving many vacant seats.
Number of returnees in 1946 (according to Ministry of Health and Welfare)
60,917 from Hakata
9,917 from Senaki
205 people from Hakodate
286 from Sasebo
Total 82,900
This was only 16% against the number of registrants who wanted to return.
Regarding applicants who wish to return to North Korea, on March 19, 1946, through the conclusion of the US-Soviet agreement,
"The one that will be withdrawn to North Korea from Japan will be set to be 10,000 Koreans living in the northern latitudes north of north latitude and born in the same area."
In addition, SCAP,
"The lifting of up to 10,000 North Koreans in Japan (Zainichi) will be carried out from 9th to 15th March 1947."
This 10,000 people were born in North Korea north of 38 degrees north, 9,701 Koreans who registered their return home before 18 March 1946
And those who were born in North Korea and did not register before March 18, or who wish to return home who changed their intention afterwards, other Koreans. "
In fact, there were only 351 Koreans who came aboard a withdrawal ship to North Korea. Only 4% of the number of registrants was merely less than.
The Japanese government "From this opportunity, we can not repatriate under the responsibility of the Japanese government until commercial navigation becomes free in the future"
After repeatedly receiving a warning, after knowing this, already Korean residents in Japan had already canceled their return home while already completing their registration for return home.
Whether SCAP returned home to Korea or resided in Japan, they took policies to give themselves to each individual's free will.
As a result, the Japanese government was in a difficult situation without being forced to return home.
After that, 16,990 Koreans living in Japan returned home in North Korea during the three years from February 1947 to May 1950.
These people were people who lost the opportunity to withdraw due to the burden of the Japanese government, but after hearing the circumstances, I took up from Sasebo Port at the burden of the Japanese government.
Meanwhile, as a result of the Korean War broke out, 627 people left Japan because they wanted to withdraw from Maizuru, who wanted to return home from North Korea because of the outbreak of the Korean War.
On November 19, 1950, the Occupation Forces instructed the Japanese government that "From today onwards, voluntary withdrawal of non-Japanese (Koreans in Japan) is the responsibility of the person himself / herself."
Based on this instruction, the Government of Japan completed the withdrawal work.
Well, why did 440 thousand Koreans in Japan (Zainichi) cancel the raising while registering for their return home?
At that time, the inflation rate in Japan has risen sharply, the food situation has deteriorated, and in urban areas it was in a state of semi-starvation.
However, since the end of the war, the Koreans in Japan (Zainichi) belonged to the side of the Allies (victorious side), so they did not suffer from half starvation like the Japanese.
Furthermore, Koreans in Japan (Zainichi) have been granted extraterritorial rights.
How comfortable it was for Koreans living in Japan? It was because I was able to immerse in Japanese superiority.
Koreans in Japan were able to immerse themselves in superiority not only mentally but also materially.
At that time, while the Japanese lived, there were no clothes to wear, while hunger was hurting, I was able to make a profit in the black market by using the privilege.
For Koreans living in Japan, Japan has become a paradise.
Not only stopped returning home to my country, but even though I returned home, some people came back to Japan again.
This will be the beginning of the postwar embarkation.
In April 3, 1948 , the uprising of the islanders in Jeju island of South Korea (Korea). Korean troops and police acted, 60,000 inhabitants of the island were slaughtered, 70% of the island was burned out. (Jeju uprising)
In June 25, 1950 , North Korean army invaded Seoul. (Korean War)
Two days later, South Korean President Syngman Rhee Massacre slaughtered political prisoners and civilians who are imprisoned for over 114 million people when escaping from Seoul. (Bodo League massacre)
There were many Koreans who smuggled into Japan from Korea in order to escape from the Jeju Island four or three incidents and the League of Leadership Association.
Later in Japan, in 1956, due to the reduction of welfare expenses, due to depression in the bottom of the pod from 1957 to 1958, life became painful and some people who wanted to withdraw to North Korea came out.
However, the Korean side desperately opposed Korean residents in Japan to return to North Korea.
The Japanese Red Cross Society considers Switzerland's International Committee of the Red Cross to think that Japan, Korea and North Korea can only cooperate in order to solve the return problem of the Koreans in Japan (Zainichi).
The International Committee of the Red Cross is not a judicial body, it is not an arbitrating body, it is an organization that acts to solve problems from a humanitarian point of view, not to the power authority.
Later, on August 13, 1959, "Japan-Korea Red Cross Agreement on the return of Koreans in Japan" was concluded between the Japanese Red Cross and the North Korean Red Cross.
Under this agreement, the way of returning to North Korea, such as the Koreans in Japan who wish to return home (including Koreans who acquired Japanese nationality) and their spouse (including those with inner relations) and their children It was opened. (Returning Koreans in Japan project)
General Association of Korean Residents advertised North Korea as "Paradise on Earth", "There is no worry about food, clothing, shelter," and sent many of his compatriots to North Korea.
On the other hand, the Korean people fought strongly against it. That was why they violated their jurisdiction over Koreans in Japan (Zainichi).
The Korean government sent a large number of agents to Japan and formed North Korea repatriation agent.
North Korea repatriation agent blew up plans for the Japanese Red Cross and assassinated natural persons in naturalization projects.
(Niigata Japan Red Center Center explosion plan)
For Japan, there are three main reasons for promoting this return Project : reduction of the burden of welfare expenses to Koreans in Japan, high crime rate of Koreans in Japan (six times as much as Japanese), Koreans in Japan It was a Concern about collaboration between Koreans in Japan (Zainichi) and Japanese leftist activists.
As many as 440,000 Koreans in Japan who voluntarily remained after the war.
After that, Koreans in Japan returned home to North Korea.
Koreans in Japan who smuggled from South Korea.
Even though there are Koreans living in Japan who smuggled from the Korean Peninsula after the end of the war,but There were no Koreans living in Japan who could not return even if they wanted to return to Korean Peninsula.
Reference book
"The truth of Korean residents returning to Japan" Japan Red Cross Society
August 20, 1956 Mr. Mutaro Inoue, Foreign Director
image
Until the end of the war, "2nd Kimigayo Maru" which operated between Jeju and Osaka and carried many migrant workers from the Korean Peninsula
During the Vietnam War, Korean troops slaughtered Vietnam, but Korea's highest commander of Vietnam dispatch troops said "There is no need to compensate for anyone."
Park Chung-hee, who assumed office as the national reconstruction chairman in the military government established by the military coup of May 16, 1961, announced in November of the same year as the US military mercenary to the Vietnam war on President Kennedy I told him I wanted to participate.
President Kennedy refused acceptance, but when President Johnson changed his administration, he accepted Park's request and the Korean troops were dispatched to Vietnam.
It is a testimony of Mr. Ton who was a lieutenant in the artillery unit of the North Vietnamese army from 25 years old to 35 years old.
Mr. Ton went south through Ho Chi Minh to assist the South Vietnam Liberation National Front (Viet Cong).
U.S. Army found the North Vietnamese Army and Vetcon, dropped a bomb with a battle bomber, and then dropped a large number of bombs that would not be planted, due to a helicopter attack in the sky "an enemy eroding fire strategy" It has expanded.
Meanwhile, the South Korean army who participated in the Vietnam War as a US military mercenary entered into rural areas mainly by helicopter and gathered in one place to provide meals to the villagers, holding a village woman, a child, an old man and a baby I shoot and kill the mother with no mistake.
the South Korean army raped women (rape) and killed them.
And, in order to destroy the evidence, they put fire on the village house and killed livestock such as cows.
Not to mention the North Vietnamese Army and the South Vietnamese Liberation Front (Viet Cong), even the women of the village stood up and picked up weapons and faced the Korean army.
Mr. ton said that the Korean army was very weak.
The North Vietnamese Army and the Liberation Battlefront (Viet Cong) seems to have never entered the village and never fought when fighting with the US Army. Because the fear of the village being destroyed.
We fought in places off the village and said the US military did not massacre civilians.
(Once, the US military carried out a massacre event that killed 504 people in Sonmi village on March 16, 1968. Lieutenant William Calley, the responsible person, He was sentenced to life imprisonment on September 5, 1969 and was later sentenced to 3 years and half under house arrest.
Lam's testimony, who fought as a former liberation army from 20 years old to 24 years old.
"Korean soldiers are very atrocious, killing themselves indiscriminately when they see the Vietnamese, they gathered for me to eat in the morning, suddenly shot, killed with grenades."
There were 48 South Liberation Army in Kamran village and heard that the Korean army attacked the village and set off an attack.
We repressed the Korean army, which was about 500 people, with 48 people.
In Kamran village, on August 14, 1966, 84 girls, aged people, children were slaughtered by the Korean army.
A testimony of Mr. T. who fought as a former liberation army from 17 to 27 years old.
"The Korean army came to Dien Nien with a helicopter, children, pregnant women, young women, ladies, old people were gathered and slaughtered by rifles, grenades, machine guns.
When Korean troops destroy farmers, they always kill cows. Do not do stray jobs, I bother the villagers."
Following the report that the Korean army attacked the village, the liberation army to which Ti belongs started battle to repel the Korean army. The Liberation Army, which had 200 people, was an old-fashioned gun made in France and repelled about 600 Korean troops.
In Deienien village, on October 9, 1966, 112 girls, aged people and children were slaughtered by the Korean army.
A testimony of Mr. Gun who was a 10 - year - old boy.
"Eight of the parents and brothers were slaughtered by Korean soldiers, after the soldiers took off they crawled out from under the corpse and ran away, and now there is a strong grudge against Koreans.
The Korean Army who came to the village forcibly collected villagers such as children, girls, old people, suddenly followed massacres with rifles, machine guns and hand grenades one after another.
Along with the screams of people who escaped, I stained with blood all over.
My father still had a breath, so he was brought to a nearby hospital, but he died there. "When.
Aside from those who died at the scene, the name was not carved in the memorial monument, so Mr. Gun's father was not recorded as a victim of the massacre.
Mr. Gun was hugged to be protected by his mother, so he seems to have survived miraculously.
On October 9, 1966, 68 people, 46 males, 12 men and 10 unknowns were massacred by the Korean Army in Fok Bin village.
Thus, in various parts of Vietnam, a village was burned down by the Korean army and a lot of memorial monuments were made in the place where the villagers were slaughtered.
The victims of the Vietnamese massacres by the Korean army are said to be tens of thousands.
Also, it is said that there are thousands to over 10,000 orphans (ryaihan) who were raped (raped) by Vietnamese women by Korean soldiers.
Korea is taught to be a holy war against the Vietnam War, preventing communism and fighting for freedom.
In May 1999, Korean historian researcher John Koo Soon gave an article on the Vietnam massacre of the Korean army to the weekly magazine Hangyeol 21 of Korean Hankyore newspaper company did.
(May 6, 1999 issue)
Rice "Newsweek" covered the Vietnamese massacre of the Korean army carried out in the Vietnam War, titled "crime of revealed heroes". (April 21, 2000 issue)
On June 27, 2000, about 2,000 veterans who served in the Vietnam War broke into the Hankyore newspaper company and destroyed computers and others.
In his interview with "Newsweek", Mr. Chae Myung-shin, who was the supreme commander of the Vietnam dispatching army of the Korean army, said,
"There is no need to compensate for anyone, that was a war."
Reference book
"Accusation of Korean genocide case" Toshiaki Kitaoka and Masatoshi Kitaoka
The Korean school was closed due to the command of The Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP), but due to violent terrorist activities by the Koreans in Japan("Zainichi" ) and the Communist Party members, it has survived to the present.
After the end of the war, on October 15, 1945, Residents in Japan Korean Federation (later General Association of Korean Residents) will be formed at Hibiya Park.
Kim Chon-hae is the top.
On November 1, 1958, Koreans sent an order to return to the Korean Peninsula from SCAP, but 600,000 Koreans living in Japan will stay in Japan without returning to the Korean peninsula.
Since the crime by the Koreans soon after the end of the war was over, in February 1952, Koreans did not enter the scope of application in the provision that the occupation forces living in Japan do not arrest even if they commit a crime It stipulated.
However, the crime by Koreans did not decrease after that.
Residents in Japan Korean Federation (later General Association of Korean Residents) issued without permission what it says "Nippon Railway free ride preferential ticket". When Koreans showed their free tickets at the ticket gate of the National Railways and passed through them, they were stopped by the station staff, but the Koreans rushed to the station staff for violence and entered the Japanese National Rail freely for free.
Since the station staff could not seize the violent Koreans, he was allowed to ride the Koreans free of charge on a triumphant basis, but on September 30, 1946, SCAP confiscated and forbidden the "Japan Railroad Preferential Ride Certificate" I issued a directive.
However, ignoring that directive, the Koreans continued to ride the national rail free of charge throughout Japan while Japan was occupied.
Moreover, despite the Japanese being riding in a crowded car, the Koreans ridden in a special racetrack of a rattle that only the victorious citizens are allowed to board.
Koreans in Japan acted as if they were victorious countries, as if they were scattered over Japanese people.
SCAP treated Japan as a defeated country and treated Koreans and Taiwanese as third countries, who are neither defeated country nor victory country.
Because the second generation of Koreans in Japan did not speak Korean much, educational institutions conducting ethnic education by Korean called "national language training institute" (later Korean school), form a type of borrowing public schools And made it all over the country.
More than 500 schools were made in the country, 60,000 students were made, the teaching materials used unique teaching materials and carried out ethnic education.
In October 1947, SCAP commanded the Japanese government to "the Koreans in Japan("Zainichi" ) to follow the Basic Education Act of Japan, School Education Law".
On January 24, 1948, SCAP issued orders to the Ministry of Education, and issued the following notice on "handling of Korean founded schools" to national prefectures.
1, Koreans in Japan (Zainichi) also have an obligation to attend public private schools in Japan
2. Private schools must obtain the approval specified in "School Education Law"
3. We do not accept "various schools" at compulsory educational institutions
Elementary school, junior high school, compulsory education school, high school, secondary education school, special support school, university (school education law) Junior colleges and graduate schools) and colleges of higher secondary school are referred to as "First article schools".
The Korean school does not fall under this "First article school" and falls under various schools.
Therefore, Korean school was not accepted as a compulsory educational institution and instructed closure of Korean school and transfer of students to Japanese school.
At First article school, teachers with teacher's license were obliged to teach by teaching, but at the Korean school teachers with teacher's license did not teach.
Also, the Korean school had borrowed public schools in Japan, but did not go out there.
Osaka Prefecture and Hyogo Prefecture ordered the closure of the Korean school based on this order.
In opposition to this closing order, a riot occurred in various places.
(Hanshin Educational Case)
On April 23, 1948, Song of Residents in Japan Korean Federation (later General Association of Korean Residents) was in charge of struggle, 7,000 people such as Koreans in Japan (Zainichi) and Japanese of the Communist Party of Japan in Kansai district committee rushed to the Osaka prefectural government with violence.
I occupied the corridor up to the third floor with violence.
Deputy governor escaped through the underpass which was made during wartime by the guidance of police officers.
US military and armed police arrived. One Korean in Japan died, 20 people were injured. The police officers injured more than 31 people, 179 people were arrested for crime.
Colonel Craig of the Osaka military government on April 26 instructed the cancellation of negotiations and the dissolution of 20,000 Koreans living in Otemae Park.
On the same day, 1,600 Korean protestors in Japan again entered the Osaka Prefectural Government Office, fighting with armed police forces. A Korean in Japan (zainichi) died.
On April 10, 1948, Yukio Kishida Governor Hyogo Prefectural Governor issued a blockade order to the Korean school, and the General Association of Korean Residents requested negotiations with Governor Kishida.
On April 23, the police force and MP blocked Korean school in Nada and in Higashi Kobe.
On April 24, about 100 Korean in Japan (zainichi) and Japanese arrived in Hyogo prefectural government, occupied the prefectural office and acted terribly to destroy furniture etc, then defeated the wall and stagnated in the governor's office Including, Kishida Yukio Governor and MP abducted and captured.
Terrorist acts to disconnect the telephone line, discontinue contact with the outside, and forcibly ask the governor Yukio Kishida etc. to "withdraw school closing order".
Kishida accepted all the demands such as "withdrawing school closing order" because he was conscious of death under violent intimidation.
Hyogo Municipal Government Department issued an "emergency declaration".
I ordered all police officers under the command of the US military MP to thoroughly clean up the raiders to the Hyogo prefectural government. By the 29th, more than 7,000 people were cleared and the emergency declaration was lifted.
This emergency declaration was not made at the time of the Shinjuku riot of the security conflict in 1964, nor was it issued at the time of the Great East Japan Earthquake.
On May 5, 1948, Minister of Education, the Minister of Education, announced a memorandum of understanding that "Korean schools will be approved as private schools in recognition of the education of Koreans within the scope of autonomy of private schools" I exchanged with the chairperson.
Due to such violent terrorist activities by Koreans in Japan (Zainichi), the "Korean school" of various schools, which does not fall under the first article school, is still closed all over Japan without being closed.
Reference book
"The history of Korea seen from Japan" Kumagai Masahide
