海外の理科テキストに学ぶ11

４年生(Eネイティブ)理科

Natural Sciences and Technology Grade 4-A

Matters and Materials 

Chapter 2. Solid materials p.160

- - - - - - 

ブルーの色を付けた文章、ぜひ参考にしましょう。

2.3 Properties of materials

Raw and manufactured materials have specific properties. We already looked at some of the properties of raw and manufactured materials by describing them. The properties of a material help determine how it is used. For example, plastic is waterproof so some rain jackets are made of plastic to keep the rain off and keep you dry. A rain jacket made from wool or fibre would not be waterproof and you would be soaked! This is because the wool is an absorbent material (it absorbs water).

Hard or soft? 

A material is described as hard when you cannot scratch it, you cannot cut it and you cannot dent it. Hardness measures how diffcult or easy it is to change the shape of the material, either by denting, cutting or scratching it. A diamond is an example of a hard material as diamond cannot be scratched by other objects. In fact, diamond is so hard it is used on drill bits to drill through rocks and many other materials The opposite of hard is soft! Think of the wet, raw clay from the previous chapter. This clay is soft and can therefore be moulded into a new shape.

このようなテキストに中高生で触れることができれば、理工学部に進学する生徒さんは楽になりますね。

hard、softに対して toughnessの説明(p.163) は次のようになっています。

If you hit a metal coin with a hammer, there will be no or little damage. If you hit a piece of chalk with a hammer it will break into pieces. The metal coin is tough compared to the chalk. The chalk is very fragile. 

Toughness measures how much energy is needed to break a material.

デンマークでは「信頼」が資源

信頼という精神的抽象的なものが国家の資源になっている

ってすごいですよね？こんな国が現実にあるということが素晴らしい。

技術開発などは人々の幸福を目指して行われているわけですが、

信頼という"invisible"な価値も常にその幸福の基礎にあることを忘れてはいけませんね。

「信頼」は英語で…と考えて頭に浮かぶ単語は何ですか？？？

特許などでは性能などに関して信頼性が高いということをreliable/reliablyと表現します。

さて、答えはこちら↓

Trust: A cornerstone of Danish culture

もうこのサイトの内容が感動ものです

少し引用しますので、英語の勉強を兼ねて読んでみてね

デンマークの豊かさは、まだ会ったことのない人を信じるという社会的信頼から生まれているようです

In each other we trust 

Trust comes in different forms. Most people trust their friends and family, but Denmark also benefits from what anthropologists call a general societal trust, which is the ability to trust people you have never met before. In Denmark, people are assumed to be honest and reliable unless they somehow show that they are not. 

Trust, an invisible Danish resource

Trust is an invisible resource in the Danish society. It means fewer social conflicts and crime because it creates a sense of harmony that increases happiness and security. 

写真も同じサイトから↓

特許クレームをみる11

モノのクレーム

Pet supplement and methods of making 

USP 10709156

ペットサプリについて。

What is claimed is:

1. A pet supplement comprising 

    a homogeneous mixture consisting of an amount of probiotic microorganisms and a first fat component having a first melting point; and 

    a sweetener component comprising sugar and a second fat component having a second melting point; 

    Wherein the second melting point is different than the first melting point and the supplement has a viable probiotic microorganism count of at least about 10⁵ colony forming units (CFUs) per gram of composition.

不定冠詞 a/an が効いています。

Whereinの W は誤植かな、めずらしい。

特許クレームをみる10

モノのクレーム

Hard panned coating and confection comprising the same

USP 10736334

チョコレートにコーティングがかかったお菓子ありますよね。

そのコーティングについてです。

The invention claimed is:

1. A hard panned coating comprising multiple sugar syrup layers, 

wherein at least one sugar syrup layer comprises one or more sucrose esters, 

wherein at least one sugar syrup layer does not comprise one or more sucrose esters, and

wherein the at least one sugar syrup layer not comprising sucrose ester further comprises a colorant.

2. The hard panned coating of claim 1, wherein the sugar comprises a natural sugar.

3. The hard panned coating of claim 2, wherein the sugar is selected from the group consisting of sucrose, glucose, fructose, galactose, dextrose, and combinations thereof.

4. The hard panned coating of claim 1, wherein the sugar syrup layers do not contain titanium dioxide.

二酸化チタンの使用についてはフランスなどでは禁止されています（日本では認められています）。

なぜコーティングに使われてきたのでしょう。意外な秘密があります。

特許クレームをみる９

モノのクレーム

Horizontal engine build stand

USP What is claimed:

 

What is claimed:

1. An engine build stand for a gas turbine engine, comprising: 

a support structure; 

a spherical bearing supported by the support structure; 

a horizontal support tool receivable within the spherical bearing, the horizontal support tool comprises a support tube along an axis, the support tube fits within rotational hardware of a gas turbine engine; and 

a tie shaft between a handle and a puck assembly, the puck assembly including a puck selectively extendable and retractable transverse to the axis through the support tube in response to rotation of the handle.

お手本になる形～♬

日本語に直すとその素晴らしさが一層わかります。