論文アブストラクト11

アレロパシー

allelopathy「アレロパシー」ってなんだろう

アブストラクト冒頭の文章にその定義がありますね。

別の言葉で説明すると、

ある植物が他の植物の生長を抑える物質を放出して、他の植物に影響を与える、動物や微生物を防ぐあるいは引き寄せる効果のこと。

その化学成分がアレロケミカルで、たとえばコーヒー豆のカフェイン☕

Research Progress on the use of Plant Allelopathy in Agriculture and the Physiological and Ecological Mechanisms of Allelopathy

Abstract　（以下、改行を入れています）（キーワードにある用語をグリーンにしています）

Allelopathy is a common biological phenomenon by which one organism produces biochemicals that influence the growth, survival, development, and reproduction of other organisms. 

These biochemicals are known as allelochemicals and have beneficial or detrimental effects on target organisms. Plant allelopathy is one of the modes of interaction between receptor and donor plants and may exert either positive effects (e.g., for agricultural management, such as weed control, crop protection, or crop re-establishment) or negative effects (e.g., autotoxicity, soil sickness, or biological invasion). 

To ensure sustainable agricultural development, it is important to exploit cultivation systems that take advantage of the stimulatory/inhibitory influence of allelopathic plants to regulate plant growth and development and to avoid allelopathic autotoxicity.

Allelochemicals can potentially be used as growth regulators, herbicides, insecticides, and antimicrobial crop protection products. 

Here, we reviewed the plant allelopathy management practices applied in agriculture and the underlying allelopathic mechanisms described in the literature. 

The major points addressed are as follows: 

(1) Description of management practices related to allelopathy and allelochemicals in agriculture. 

(2) Discussion of the progress regarding the mode of action of allelochemicals and the physiological mechanisms of allelopathy, consisting of the influence on cell micro- and ultra-structure, cell division and elongation, membrane permeability, oxidative and antioxidant systems, growth regulation systems, respiration, enzyme synthesis and metabolism, photosynthesis, mineral ion uptake, protein and nucleic acid synthesis. 

(3) Evaluation of the effect of ecological mechanisms exerted by allelopathy on microorganisms and the ecological environment. 

(4) Discussion of existing problems and proposal for future research directions in this field to provide a useful reference for future studies on plant allelopathy.

Keywords: allelochemical, allelopathy, agriculture practice, physiological mechanism, ecological mechanism, microorganism, agricultural sustainable development

サステナブル　sustainable　という言葉も使われていますね。

海外の理科テキストに学ぶ1３

４年生(Eネイティブ)理科

Natural Sciences and Technology Grade 4-A

Matters and Materials 

Chapter 3. Strengthening materials p.182

- - - - - - 

とても簡単でとても大事な実験📜

ひらひらした一枚の紙も、形状が変わればその強度が変わります。

3.1 Ways to strengthen materials 

There are different ways to strengthen materials to make a stronger structure. We can do this by changing the shape of the material. You may think that the shape may not make that much of a difference, but let's have a look. Which shape is stronger? 

ACTIVITY: Explore different ways to strengthen paper

MATERIALS: • 

Up to 5 sheets of A4 paper for each group

 • Pieces of sticky tape

 • A number of identical or similar size books for each group 

INSTRUCTIONS

1. In groups of 4, investigate different ways of using your paper sheets to balance a book. 2. Look at the pictures below for some ideas 

3. Use a piece of sticky tape if you need it V

4. How many different ways can you find of balancing a book more than 10 cm above the desk or floor, using only 1 sheet of A4 paper? You can try this on your own or in a small group. 

5. Once you think that you have found all the ways you can do it, choose a member of your group to report back to the rest of the class on the ways that you have found. 

6. With your teacher's help, show each different method side-by-side on a table or on the floor at the front of the class.

What did we learn from doing this activity? Materials can be made stronger by changing their shape. An example is rolling the paper into pillars. Pillars can be circular, triangular or square. Which one do you think is the strongest?

Plants -中学理科 English-

日本の中学１年生の理科教科書から用語を拾いました。

単語の無音バージョンです。

（注：BGMあり）

音声アリは後日～

Living Things -中学理科 English-

日本の中学１年生の理科教科書から用語を拾いました。

無音バージョンです。がんばって読めるかな

音声アリは後日～

海外の理科テキストに学ぶ12

４年生(Eネイティブ)理科

Natural Sciences and Technology Grade 4-A

Matters and Materials 

Chapter 2. Solid materials p.176

- - - - - - 

ピンクの色を付けた文章、ぜひ参考にしましょう。

2.4 Different materials for the same object 

The use of the object determines the type of material it should be made of. 

Imagine a bicycle with wooden wheels. 

Do you think the wheels will turn and work as well as steel and rubber? Materials are chosen and used for the properties they have. 

ACTIVITY: 

Identifying different materials I

NSTRUCTIONS: 

1. Look at the pictures of different chairs below . Even chairs can be made from many different materials (plastic, wood, metal, canvas, etc) or a mixture of more than one material. 

2. Identify the types of materials that each chair is made from.

 3. Write down where that material comes from

"identify"は日本の学校ではどのように習うのでしょうか。重要単語・基礎単語ですね。

実験後には次の文章が書かれています。

Similar objects such as balls used in sport, can be made from very different materials, depending on what the object is used for.