海外の理科テキストに学ぶ1３

４年生(Eネイティブ)理科

Natural Sciences and Technology Grade 4-A

Matters and Materials 

Chapter 3. Strengthening materials p.182

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とても簡単でとても大事な実験📜

ひらひらした一枚の紙も、形状が変わればその強度が変わります。

3.1 Ways to strengthen materials 

There are different ways to strengthen materials to make a stronger structure. We can do this by changing the shape of the material. You may think that the shape may not make that much of a difference, but let's have a look. Which shape is stronger? 

ACTIVITY: Explore different ways to strengthen paper

MATERIALS: • 

Up to 5 sheets of A4 paper for each group

 • Pieces of sticky tape

 • A number of identical or similar size books for each group 

INSTRUCTIONS

1. In groups of 4, investigate different ways of using your paper sheets to balance a book. 2. Look at the pictures below for some ideas 

3. Use a piece of sticky tape if you need it V

4. How many different ways can you find of balancing a book more than 10 cm above the desk or floor, using only 1 sheet of A4 paper? You can try this on your own or in a small group. 

5. Once you think that you have found all the ways you can do it, choose a member of your group to report back to the rest of the class on the ways that you have found. 

6. With your teacher's help, show each different method side-by-side on a table or on the floor at the front of the class.

What did we learn from doing this activity? Materials can be made stronger by changing their shape. An example is rolling the paper into pillars. Pillars can be circular, triangular or square. Which one do you think is the strongest?

Plants -中学理科 English-

日本の中学１年生の理科教科書から用語を拾いました。

単語の無音バージョンです。

（注：BGMあり）

音声アリは後日～

Living Things -中学理科 English-

日本の中学１年生の理科教科書から用語を拾いました。

無音バージョンです。がんばって読めるかな

音声アリは後日～

海外の理科テキストに学ぶ12

４年生(Eネイティブ)理科

Natural Sciences and Technology Grade 4-A

Matters and Materials 

Chapter 2. Solid materials p.176

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ピンクの色を付けた文章、ぜひ参考にしましょう。

2.4 Different materials for the same object 

The use of the object determines the type of material it should be made of. 

Imagine a bicycle with wooden wheels. 

Do you think the wheels will turn and work as well as steel and rubber? Materials are chosen and used for the properties they have. 

ACTIVITY: 

Identifying different materials I

NSTRUCTIONS: 

1. Look at the pictures of different chairs below . Even chairs can be made from many different materials (plastic, wood, metal, canvas, etc) or a mixture of more than one material. 

2. Identify the types of materials that each chair is made from.

 3. Write down where that material comes from

"identify"は日本の学校ではどのように習うのでしょうか。重要単語・基礎単語ですね。

実験後には次の文章が書かれています。

Similar objects such as balls used in sport, can be made from very different materials, depending on what the object is used for.

海外の理科テキストに学ぶ11

４年生(Eネイティブ)理科

Natural Sciences and Technology Grade 4-A

Matters and Materials 

Chapter 2. Solid materials p.160

- - - - - - 

ブルーの色を付けた文章、ぜひ参考にしましょう。

2.3 Properties of materials

Raw and manufactured materials have specific properties. We already looked at some of the properties of raw and manufactured materials by describing them. The properties of a material help determine how it is used. For example, plastic is waterproof so some rain jackets are made of plastic to keep the rain off and keep you dry. A rain jacket made from wool or fibre would not be waterproof and you would be soaked! This is because the wool is an absorbent material (it absorbs water).

Hard or soft? 

A material is described as hard when you cannot scratch it, you cannot cut it and you cannot dent it. Hardness measures how diffcult or easy it is to change the shape of the material, either by denting, cutting or scratching it. A diamond is an example of a hard material as diamond cannot be scratched by other objects. In fact, diamond is so hard it is used on drill bits to drill through rocks and many other materials The opposite of hard is soft! Think of the wet, raw clay from the previous chapter. This clay is soft and can therefore be moulded into a new shape.

このようなテキストに中高生で触れることができれば、理工学部に進学する生徒さんは楽になりますね。

hard、softに対して toughnessの説明(p.163) は次のようになっています。

If you hit a metal coin with a hammer, there will be no or little damage. If you hit a piece of chalk with a hammer it will break into pieces. The metal coin is tough compared to the chalk. The chalk is very fragile. 

Toughness measures how much energy is needed to break a material.