論文アブストラクト18 -帯状疱疹-

コロナワクチンと帯状疱疹の関係

日本ではこのところ帯状疱疹がたびたびトピックに上がっています。

COVID-19のワクチン接種後の症状の１つに帯状疱疹があるのではないかということですね。

下記は約110万人を対象にした調査の結果を記載している論文Abstractです。

さて、どのような関連が書かれているでしょう。

Abstractの中に明確に記されています。

Real-world evidence from over one million COVID-19 vaccinations is consistent with reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus

Abstract

Background

Reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), which causes herpes zoster (HZ, synonym: shingles) in humans, can be a rare adverse reaction to vaccines. Recently, reports of cases after COVID-19 vaccination have arisen.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to assess whether the frequency of HZ is found to increase after COVID-19 vaccination in a large cohort, based on real-world data. As a hypothesis, the incidence of HZ was assumed to be significantly higher in subjects who received a COVID-19 vaccine (Cohort I) vs. unvaccinated individuals (Cohort II).

Methods

The initial cohorts of 1 095 086 vaccinated and 16 966 018 unvaccinated patients were retrieved from the TriNetX database and were matched on age and gender in order to mitigate confounder bias.

Results

After matching, each cohort accounted for 1 095 086 patients. For the vaccinated group (Cohort I), 2204 subjects developed HZ within 60 days of COVID-19 vaccination, while among Cohort II, 1223 patients were diagnosed with HZ within 60 days after having visited the clinic for any other reason (i.e. not vaccination). The risk of developing shingles was calculated as 0.20% and 0.11% for cohort I and cohort II, respectively. The difference was statistically highly significant (P < 0.0001; log-rank test). The risk ratio and odds ratio were 1.802 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.680; 1.932) and 1.804 (95% CI = 1.682; 1.934).

Conclusions

Consistent with the hypothesis, a higher incidence of HZ was statistically detectable post-COVID-19 vaccine. Accordingly, the eruption of HZ may be a rare adverse drug reaction to COVID-19 vaccines. Even though the molecular basis of VZV reactivation remains murky, temporary compromising of VZV-specific T-cell-mediated immunity may play a mechanistic role in post-vaccination pathogenesis of HZ. Note that VZV reactivation is a well-established phenomenon both with infections and with other vaccines (i.e. this adverse event is not COVID-19-specific).

　要旨の書き方の勉強にもなる英文です。

  Terms

   ・cohort = 群

   ・adverse もよく見る形容詞で、harmful, negative, unfavorableのような意味

論文アブストラクト17 -リュウグウ Ryuguからのサンプル-

Hayabusa2が持ち帰ったサンプルが示唆すること

小惑星「リュウグウ」の元となった天体には大量の水があったと考えられるそうです。

小さなサンプルから見出される内容が壮大すぎる。。。

先生方はロマンを感じながら研究されたことでしょうと拝察します。

下記はScienceに発表のあった論文からの引用です。

On the origin and evolution of the asteroid Ryugu: A comprehensive geochemical perspective

 

Carbonaceous meteorites are thought to be fragments of C-type (carbonaceous) asteroids. 

Samples of the C-type asteroid (162173) Ryugu were retrieved by the Hayabusa2 spacecraft. 

We measure the mineralogy, bulk chemical and isotopic compositions of Ryugu samples. 

They are mainly composed of materials similar to carbonaceous chondrite meteorites, particularly the CI (Ivuna-type) group. 

The samples consist predominantly of minerals formed in aqueous fluid on a parent planetesimal. 

The primary minerals were altered by fluids at a temperature of 37 ± 10°C,  (ここに入る数値は上の画像参照) million years after formation of the first solids in the Solar System. 

After aqueous alteration, the Ryugu samples were likely never heated above ~100°C. 

The samples have a chemical composition that more closely resembles the Sun’s photosphere than other natural samples do.

このアブストラクトには"water"はありませんが、本文を読むとあります。

挑戦してください。

"Formation histroy of Ryugu"のパートとかお勧めです。下記はその一部！

Approximately one to two million years later, roughly 5 million years after Solar System formation (Fig. 5), the material that would later be incorporated into Ryugu experienced aqueous alteration. This caused precipitation of dolomite and magnetite from an aqueous solution at about 37°C. The aqueous alteration of the primary minerals was very extensive. The saponite produced by this fluid-assisted alteration in the parent body must have contained large amounts of interlayer water (~7 wt.%) in its crystal structure, when it formed under saturated water activity, as observed in Ivuna (data S6). The low abundance of interlayer water in the Ryugu samples (0.3 wt.%) indicates that much of this water later escaped to space, most likely after disruption of the parent body and formation of the rubble pile asteroid Ryugu. We cannot definitively identify the dehydration mechanism, but suggest it may have included some combination of impact heating, solar heating, space weathering, and long-term exposure of the asteroid surface to the ultra-high vacuum of space.

薬剤"dostarlimab"単独で直腸がん消滅 のニュース

New York Post

Every cancer patient enters remission after drug trial, study reveals

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被験者数が18人ながら、直腸がんがすべて消滅したという薬剤開発のニュースです。

A recent drug trial administered to a handful of cancer patients had the surprising result of eliminating (消滅させる) the disease in every participant involved.

The study was conducted on 18 rectal cancer (直腸がん) patients at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in Manhattan and had a 100 percent success rate, according to a paper published Sunday in the New England Journal of Medicine.

“I believe this is the first time this has happened in the history of cancer,” Dr. Luis A. Diaz Jr, the author of the paper, told the New York Times.

The drug, dostarlimab, was administered (投与する) to each patient every three weeks for six months.

Participants in the study were suffering from rectal cancer and were given alternatives such as chemotherapy or a difficult surgery that could potentially lead to bowel or urinary dysfunction. 

Some patients are required to use a colostomy bag (ストーマ装具) due to treatment, the Times said.

At the conclusion of the drug trial, however, the patients were spared (免れる) the agony of potentially damaging treatment when they showed no evidence of a tumor after receiving an MRI, rectal examination and biopsy.

-----

In addition to not needing further treatment to eradicate (根絶する) the disease, there were no instances of a recurrence of cancer (再発) in the patients during follow-up appointments from six to 25 months after the trial ended.

投薬だけで100％の奏効が得られたということです。

これを上のウェブサイトでは "a 100% success rate" 

別のウェブサイトでは"a 100% complete response rate among its patients"と言っています。

化学療法も手術も避けられるのですね。

正式な論文発表はこちら

PD-1 Blockade in Mismatch Repair–Deficient, Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer | NEJM

特許クレームをみる14

モノのクレーム

Apparatus and method for preparing ingredients for a baby bottle using a concentrated solution

USP 11040317

"formula"は「式」として使うことが多いですね。chemical formulaなら化学式、structural formulaなら構造式。

「処方」「製法」という意味もあります。

ところで、赤ちゃん用のミルクという意味もあります（主にアメリカ）。

いまアメリカではこのミルクが不足しているとのこと。

How should parents who can't find formula feed their babies? - CBS News

下記はミルク調製用装置についての特許から、クレーム１です。

What is claimed is:

1. An apparatus for preparing baby formula, comprising: 

a housing having a concentrate solution receptor for receiving and holding a container of liquid concentrate solution; 

a motor attached to the housing, the motor operable for forcing liquid concentrate solution from the container of liquid concentrate solution and into a mixing chamber; 

a pump and a water tank attached to the housing, the pump being in fluid connection with the water tank;

a spray head with a plurality of spray jets for receiving water from the water tank and dispensing water from the spray jets into the mixing chamber; and 

a mixing chamber for receiving the liquid concentrate solution and water, such that when the water and the liquid concentrate solution are introduced into the mixing chamber, the water and liquid concentrate solution mix into a baby formula and are dispensed from an outlet in the mixing chamber; 

a pour centering pin connected within the outlet of the mixing chamber such that as the baby formula is dispensed from the outlet of the mixing chamber, the baby formula passes around the pour centering pin;

and 

wherein the spray head includes a plurality of protrusions and wherein the mixing chamber includes a circumference with a cam-shaped ridge that passes around the circumference of the mixing chamber, such that when the mixing chamber is attached with the spray head, twisting the mixing chamber causes the cam-shaped ridge to engage with the plurality protrusions and push the mixing chamber away from the spray head.

翻訳をチェックされる立場の方には大変に参考になりはず。

WHO -原因不明の急性肝炎-

World Health Organization

Multi-Country – Acute, severe hepatitis of unknown origin in children

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原因不明の急性肝炎が世界の子どもたちの間で報告されている、とテレビ等で報道されています。

日本でも症例があるようです。早く原因が解明されることを祈ります。

下記はWHOのレポート(抜粋)です。

「原因不明の」は英語ではどのように表現されているでしょう。

各文章の「主語と動詞」をたどりながら目を通してみてください。

Outbreak overview

As of 21 April 2022, at least 169 cases of acute hepatitis of unknown origin have been reported from 11 countries in the WHO European Region and one country in the WHO Region of the Americas (Figure 1).

Cases have been reported in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the United Kingdom) (114), Spain (13), Israel (12), the United States of America (9), Denmark (6), Ireland (<5), The Netherlands (4), Italy (4), Norway (2), France (2), Romania (1), and Belgium (1).

Cases are aged 1 month to 16 years old.

Seventeen children (approximately 10%) have required liver transplantation; at least one death has been reported.

The clinical syndrome among identified cases is acute hepatitis (liver inflammation) with markedly elevated liver enzymes.

Many cases reported gastrointestinal symptoms including abdominal pain, diarrhoea and vomiting preceding presentation with severe acute hepatitis, and increased levels of liver enzymes (aspartate transaminase (AST) or alanine aminotransaminase (ALT) greater the 500 IU/L) and jaundice.

Most cases did not have a fever.

The common viruses that cause acute viral hepatitis (hepatitis viruses A, B, C, D and E) have not been detected in any of these cases.

International travel or links to other countries based on the currently available information have not been identified as factors.

Adenovirus has been detected in at least 74 cases, and of the number of cases with information on molecular testing, 18 have been identified as F type 41.

SARS-CoV-2 was identified in 20 cases of those that were tested.

Furthermore, 19 were detected with a SARS-CoV-2 and adenovirus co-infection.

acute hepatitis　急性肝炎

liver enzymes　肝酵素

adenovirus　アデノウィルス

jaundice　黄疸

Figure 1.

Distribution of cases of acute severe hepatitis of unknown origin by country, as of 23 April 2022.