論文アブストラクト16

チョコレートを美味しくし、製造を簡素化できる添加

　　チョコレートの製造はテンパリングなどを含み複雑です。

　　それを簡素化しつつ、美味しさも損ねない物質とは何だろう。

Tempering of cocoa butter and chocolate using minor lipidic components

ABSTRACT （以下、改行を入れています）（太字が主語）（下線部は that以下の主語、ちょっと長い）

Chocolate manufacture includes a complex tempering procedure to direct the crystallization of cocoa butter towards the formation of fat crystal networks with specific polymorphism, nano- and microstructure, melting behavior, surface gloss and mechanical properties.

Here we investigate the effects of adding various minor non-triglyceride lipidic components to refined cocoa butter and chocolate on their physical properties.

We discover that addition of saturated phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine to neutralized and bleached cocoa butter or molten and recrystallized commercial chocolate at 0.1% (w/w) levels, followed by rapid cooling to 20 °C in the absence of shear, accelerates crystallization, stabilizes the desirable Form V polymorph and induces the formation of chocolate with an optimal microstructure, surface gloss and mechanical strength.

Final chocolate structure and properties are comparable to those of a commercial tempered chocolate.

Minor lipidic component addition represents an effective way to engineer chocolate material properties at different length scales, thus simplifying the entire tempering process.

タイトルやAbstractにある"minor"は「少量の・わずかな」という意味です。

lipidic components = 脂質成分

addは「加えること」です。「添加する」です。名詞は addition = 添加

特許クレームをみる14

モノのクレーム

Electrically conductive proppant

USP 11008505

●"proppant プロパント"が何かわからないので下記参照

PROPPANT - 英語辞典でのproppantの定義と同義語 (educalingo.com)

●この特許の主題は導電性固体材料のようですね。この請求項１では単数のparticle（粒子）としてクレームされています

What is claimed is:

1. An electrically conductive proppant particle, comprising:

a sintered, substantially round and spherical particle having less than about 30% crush at 4,000 psi and a specific gravity of about 3.8 g/cm³or less; and

a plurality of conductive particles,

wherein the sintered, substantially round and spherical particle has one or more pores and at least one of the plurality of conductive particles is disposed within at least one of the one or more pores,

wherein the at least one of the plurality of conductive particles is mixed with an activator to provide an activator mixture that is infused into the one or more pores, and

wherein the activator mixture elutes from the one or more pores so that the at least one conductive particle is located at a surface of the electrically conductive proppant particle after the electrically conductive proppant particle has been introduced to a subterranean fracture.

●形容詞 substantially round and sphericalはほぼ球状という意味です。

　substantially（実質的に）が付いていることで形状の範囲が真球より広げられています。

●3種類のparticleが出てきますね。

　an electrically conductive proppant particleと、

　a sintered, substantially round and spherical particleと、

　a plurality of conductive particlesです。

●請求項９も独立項です。

A proppant pack, comprising: a first proppant component comprising a first plurality of sintered, substantially round and spherical particles and a plurality of conductive nanoparticles, wherein...

となっています。

●図１はスラリからの製造工程

海外の理科テキストに学ぶ２2 ＜地球の自転と公転を説明する＞

５年生(Eネイティブ)理科

Earth and beyond; Grade 5

Planet Earth

- - - - - -

＜Can you see how the light from the Sun only reaches one half of the Earth as it rotates?＞

知っていても正確に言えない書けない英語シリーズ（笑）。

We see the Sun rise and move across the sky every day, but the Sun does not really move.

It only seems that way to us.

Actually, Earth is spinning around and around, and we are moving around with the Earth.

The Earth takes 24 hours to complete one full rotation.

The Earth moves in an orbit around the Sun

The Earth moves around the Sun.

While the Earth orbits the Sun, it is also spinning on its own axis.

It spins round 365 times while it completes one orbit of the Sun.

That means 365 days pass and we call that a year.

The Earth is a planet.

There are 7 other planets also moving around the Sun.

You can see one of the other planets on most evenings, or early in the morning.

This planet is called Venus or iKhwezi or Naledi ya Masa. It is not a star.

海外の理科テキストに学ぶ２１＜ピーナツをめぐるエネルギーの実験＞

５年生(Eネイティブ)理科

Energy and Change; Grade 5

Energy stored in fuels

- - - - - -

＜ピーナツをめぐるエネルギーの実験＞

ピーナツに火をつけたら↓↓

Let the peanut heat the small can with the water until the peanut stops burning. Stir the water and measure the temperature of the water and record it in the results table.

ピーナツが燃料fuelとなって水を加熱しています。

In order to light the fuel, you had to put in a small amount of energy.

The fuel however gave out a lot more energy than what was put in.

The difference between the energy you put in and the energy the fuel gave out is how much energy was stored in the fuel.

The OUTPUT ENERGY obtained from a fuel is GREATER THAN the INPUT ENERGY needed to make the fuel burn.

出力エネルギー量が入力エネルギー量を上回ることを、私たちは利用して生活していますよね。