西洋教育史（15世紀～17世紀）

十五世紀 ｜ 十七世紀	エラスムス	オ	『愚神礼讃』、『幼児教育論』 『学習方法論』、『自由意志論』	人文主義、教会を批判
	トマス・モア	英	『ユートピア』	教育の普遍性を論じる
	ルター	独		宗教改革哲学者
	ラブレー	仏	『ガルガンチュア物語』 『第２の書　ﾊﾟﾝﾀｸﾞﾘｭｴﾙ物語』	キケロ主義を批判
	ラトケ	独		母国語を重視
	モンテーニュ	仏	『エッセイ』	「教育とは人間形成の技術である」
	コメニウス	チ	『大教授学』 『世界図絵』 ＝世界初の挿絵入教科書	平和教育論、 自然主義、感覚主義、事物主義、汎学主義 直感教授、実物教授 ｶﾘｷｭﾗﾑ論と教育方法論の確立 「教育とは全人(whole man)を開発すること」
	ロック	英	『教育に関する若干の考察』 『統治論』、『人間悟性論』	精神白紙説（タブラ・ラサ） 訓練主義、紳士教育論

西洋教育史（ＢＣ～５世紀）

ＢＣ ｜ 五世紀	ソクラテス	ギ		産婆術、「無知の知」、問答法 方向転換の術→要は子ども次第 知徳合一
	プロタゴラス	ギ		ソフィスト＝詭弁学派、職業教師集団 弁論法 「人間は万物の尺度である」
	プラトン	ギ	『国家篇』	アカメディア
	アリストテレス	ギ		リュケイオン
	キケロ	ロ	『雄弁家論』	ギリシア文化のラテン化
	クインティリアヌス	ロ	『雄弁家教育論』
	アウグスティヌス	ロ	『告白』	教会の権威高める

Rare spiders move home

19 October, 2006 - Published 08:40 GMT

Rare spiders move home

If building work is done in your home you might have to move out but would you consider taking the spiders in your house with you! That's what's happening in Cambridgeshire where a colony of rare spiders was found in a property due for reconstruction. This report from BBC Cambridgeshire.

About 100 rare cave spiders are being moved to a new home after being discovered on a derelict site earmarked for housing.

The cave spiders had taken over a disused air raid shelter near Papworth Hospital. South Cambridgeshire District Council ecology officer Rob Mungovan said the shelter mimics conditions of a cave. Mr Mungovan, who checks for rare species before he lets the developers start work, discovered the population of spiders.

He said: "Maybe these spiders have come from the ancient woodland we have here in Papworth. There may have been relic populations in large hollow trees or a juvenile spider may have found a suitable habitat here and found a mate and established a population."

The spiders are being moved one by one because they are likely to eat each other if they were all moved together as they are highly predatory.

Cave spiders are large, dark bronze arachnids that spin small open webs. The spiders have only been found in a dozen places in the UK and never recorded before in Cambridgeshire.

A South Cambridgeshire District Council spokesman said the spiders are to be put in separate boxes and moved to a new shelter on the other side of the hospital.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/newsenglish/witn/2006/10/061019_cambridge_spiders.shtml

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derelict: empty and in a poor condition

earmarked for housing: if a site is 'earmarked for housing' it means that it has been officially decided that that area will be use for the building of houses

air raid shelter: a building for people to use at time of war to protect them from bombs or missles

mimics: copies, has the same qualities as

predatory: with the habit of killing and eating other animals

arachnids: formal word for spiders

Nobel prize for anti-poverty work

13 October, 2006 - Published 11:43 GMT

Nobel prize for anti-poverty work

The Nobel peace prize has been jointly awarded to Professor Muhammad Yunus from Bangladesh and the Grameen Bank he started. The prize was given for their work in lending very small amounts of money to poor people to set up businesses, especially women in the countryside. Lars Bevanger reports from Oslo:

This year's Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded in Oslo to the Bangladeshi banker Muhammad Yunus and the Grameen Bank. Announcing the winner, the chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee said Muhammad Yunus had shown himself to be a leader who had managed to translate visions into practical action for the benefit of millions of people. Mr Yunus is credited as the founder of the concept of 'micro credit', which is the extension of small loans to entrepreneurs too poor to qualify for traditional bank loans.

The award came as a surprise to many here who had tipped someone involved in peace talks as winner this year. Mr Yunus himself told national Norwegian television he was delighted with the prize soon after the announcement was made. The winner is expected to receive the award and 1.4 million dollars in prize money during a ceremony here in December.

Lars Bevanger, BBC News, Oslo

http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/newsenglish/witn/2006/10/061013_yunus.shtml

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to translate visions into practical action: to take action so that dreams or big ideas for the future become a reality

credited as: recognised, acknowledged as, accepted as

the extension of small loans: the giving of, here, making an extra effort to provide loans for very poor people who want to start businesses

qualify for: meet the requirements to be allowed to do something

tipped: make a prediction based on useful information about who would be the winner

Perth Land Claim

06 October, 2006 - Published 12:18 GMT

Perth Land Claim

The Australian government is to appeal against a Federal Court ruling which gave Aborigines native land rights to the city of Perth. The Noongar people were given back 6,300 sq km of land which was taken away from them at the beginning of the 1800s. From Sydney, here's the BBC's Nick Bryant:

The Perth judgement was ground-breaking - the first time a large metropolitan area in Australia had been judged to belong to the indigenous people who occupied the land before white settlers arrived here over two hundred years ago.

The state government of Western Australia, of which Perth is the capital, had already announced it would mount a legal challenge. Now the federal government has weighed in as well, despite warnings from Aboriginal leaders that its intervention could sour race relations.

In announcing the move, Attorney-General Philip Ruddock said the ruling created great uncertainty and set a dangerous precedent, especially with legal proceedings pending over Aboriginal land claims in Sydney, Brisbane, Adelaide and the capital, Canberra. Mr Ruddock also raised the possibility that non-indigenous people in Perth could be blocked from using open spaces, parks and beaches -- a suggestion dismissed by Aboriginal leaders as groundless scaremongering.

Nick Bryant, BBC, Sydney

http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/newsenglish/witn/2006/10/061006_perth.shtml

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ground-breaking: something that's never been done or has never happened before

metropolitan: city

indigenous people: people who have always been in a country and didn't arrive there from somewhere else - here, Aborigines are indigenous to Australia

mount a legal challenge: plan and organise a case to fight against a court decision

weighed in: got involved in the argument, expressed a strong opinion

sour race relations: spoil and make things more difficult between people of different colours, religions and backgrounds

set a dangerous precedent: here, started a new official way of doing things which can be used again for similar cases in the future, possibly making things very difficult for non-indigenous people

pending: not decided, finalised, completed yet

blocked: stopped, prevented

groundless scaremongering: deliberately frightening and worrying lots of people with ideas or suggestions that aren't true

Contacting outer space

11 October, 2006 - Published 12:17 GMT

Contacting outer space

A unique experiment to try to communicate with life in outer space and give a picture of life on earth is to take place from a pyramid in Mexico. Thousands of people around the world have already sent in their images, videos and sounds to the project. Duncan Kennedy reports from Mexico City:

Contacting outer space has been an obsession for humans for thousands of years. Well now, this new project aims to make an attempt on behalf of the digital generation. Organised by the internet search engine Yahoo, material has started to be collected from around the planet.

Under the section 'what makes you sad', a man from Ethiopia has sent in a letter with the word 'greed' written on it. In the 'what is fun' section, a man from Toronto has posted a picture of himself poking his tongue out. The majority of contributions so far are about the subject of love. A panel of judges will decide the final content to be digitalised. Then, later this month, the chosen work will be projected via a laser onto an ancient pyramid on the outskirts of Mexico City and then into space.

The site was chosen because of the contrast between old and new civilisations. The organisers say information has never been captured on such a scale before and will show anyone or anything watching what life is really like on earth.

Time capsules have long been a favoured tool of humans to pass on their legacy. In the 1970s, the astronomer Carl Sagan famously compiled a record. It included the sound of a mariachi band and greetings in an ancient Sumerian language. The record was sent out on the Voyager spacecraft. This latest attempt to speak to any potential neighbours may be earthbound. But in what is being described as the first ever digital mosaic of humanity, it hopes to harness the power of lasers and the internet to cross the inter-galactic divide.

Duncan Kennedy, BBC, Mexico City

http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/newsenglish/witn/2006/10/061011_time_capsule.shtml

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an obsession: something that people are so interested in that they are unable to think about anything else (とりつかれた考え)

projected: shown as large, clear images usually on a screen or flat surface

on the outskirts: far from the centre of, on the edge of

on such a scale: in such large amounts or large numbers

to pass on their legacy: to leave things and information after they've died to help people in the future understand more about who they were and how they lived

compiled: gathered or grouped together in order to make an organised collection

earthbound: based on earth, unable to leave the planet earth

mosaic: a patterned item that is made up of many pieces, here, a picture of life as it is lived by many different people

to harness: to capture so that it can be controlled and used

Indonesian reaction to nuclear test

09 October, 2006 - Published 15:03 GMT

Indonesian reaction to nuclear test

Following North Korea's announcement about its nuclear test, Indonesia has reacted by saying it is unacceptable. Indonesia is strongly suggesting that North Korea should again participate in discussions to help find a solution to the problem. From Jakarta, the BBC's Lucy Williamson reports:

A spokesman for the Indonesian president told the BBC that the government was deeply disturbed by news of the nuclear test and that it was unacceptable under any pretext. Such a test could, the government said, produce strategic tension in the Asia Pacific region and possibly lead to nuclear proliferation.

Possession of nuclear weapons would not in any way provide security for North Korea and the country should instead re-engage in stalled six-party talks. Indonesia has long been in favour of talks as a way of resolving the nuclear issue and has indicated its willingness to play a mediating role.

Lucy Williamson, BBC News, Jakarta

http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/newsenglish/witn/2006/10/061009_nktest.shtml

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A spokesman: a man or woman who has been chosen to speak officially in place of the Indonesian president

deeply disturbed: extremely worried, concerned

pretext: a false reason for doing something that is given in order to hide the real reason for doing it

produce strategic tension: make it more difficult for countries to deal with each other

nuclear proliferation: a sudden and large increase in the number of nuclear weapons being made

stalled six-party talks: the discussions between the six groups, here countries, which had stopped making progress, failed to develop

in favour of talks: is in support of, has a belief in the value of discussions

resolving: agreeing on a solution to the difficulties

to play a mediating role: to be a part of the discussions without supporting one side or another in order to help end the disagreement

デッサン（静物）

実家から送ってもらった葡萄と一緒に・・・

水彩絵の具を購入し、

彩色する予定。

アメリカ口語教本（中級） レッスン14～19

レッスン14

1) more than halfway around the world = 世界の半周以上

2) not long ago = しばらく前に

3) What did he do for transportation? = 彼はどうやってきたの？

レッスン15

1) take the cover off my lens = レンズのカバーを取る

2) in one’s enthusiasm = 熱中しすぎるあまり

3) Incidentally ~ = ついでだけど、～

レッスン16

1) Most adults are children at heart. = 大人と言ってもハートは子どももままだ。

2) develop into ~ = （発展して）～になる

レッスン17

1) characteristics = 特徴

2) howling = 風のヒューヒューいう音

3) on the contrary = それどころか、逆に

レッスン18

1) hope for an early spring = 早い春の到来を待つ

2) go on ~ing = ～し続ける

3) Don’t let him have his own way. = 彼の好き勝手にさせないようにして。

レッスン19

1) keep chicken = ニワトリを飼う

2) free-and-easy living = のんきなくらし

3) A will make up for B = ＡをしていればＢの苦労なんてなくなるわ。

4) You’ve got a good point! = いい点をついたねぇ。

5) You can never make up for lost time. = 無駄に使った時間は元にはもどらない。

アメリカ口語教本（中級） レッスン１２＆１３

レッスン12

1) suite one’s taste = （人の）趣味に合う

2) variety show = 寄席（よせ）、演芸

3) paper-doll cutter= 紙切り芸人

レッスン13

1) a tribute to ~ = ～のおかげというわけ。

2) by accident = たまたま、偶然

3) I can’t even read German, much less speak it.

= ドイツ語はよめないのに、ましてや話せるもんか。