海外の教科書から４

４年生(Eネイティブ)理科

Natural Sciences and Technology Grade 4-A

Chapter 3. What plants need to grow p.61 

英語"condition"　は「条件」です。

日本語では「状態」のように使われることも多いですね。

「状態」は英語では "state"です。

どちらも数えられる名詞！

Conditions for growth

What do plants need to grow?

Sunlight

• Plants need sunlight to grow and live.
• Green plants use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide gas to make food.
• The plant can use some of this food to grow and develop.
• It stores the rest of the food, which animals can eat.
• When animals and humans eat plants they get energy from the plant.

Air

Just like animals and people, plants also need air to live and grow. Plants use carbon dioxide to make food so that they can grow.

Water

Plants need water to grow and to make food. Some plants need more water than others. The amount of water a plant needs depends on the type of plant. If the plant does not get the amount of water it needs it will die. Some plants are able to grow in very dry areas, such as cacti in the desert. These plants have adapted (changed) over many, many years to be able to survive in these conditions.

The roots of the plant absorb water from the soil. This water carries nutrients from the soil to all the parts of the plant. In the picture, the raindrops are collecting on the leaves. They will then fall down to the ground and soak into the soil. The roots will then absorb the water for the plant.

日本の中学で学習する文法内容が網羅されている👀素晴らしい

海外の教科書から３

４年生(Eネイティブ)理科

Natural Sciences and Technology Grade 4-A

Chapter 2. Structure of plants and animals p.45 

尻尾の機能をみてみよう！として下記の記載があります。

大人が読んでも楽しい。

知識の蓄積や見直しにもなりますね。

人間に尻尾があったら、どのように使うかな？とディスカッションするのもよさそうです。

このテキストは、どの単元も大変に魅力的に作られています。

オススメ！

Tails help an animal to:

•    move and swing in trees - monkeys for example.

•    balance - kangaroos use their tails to balance while they jump for example.

•    kill their prey - crocodiles use their tails to spin them around and around when they need to drown their prey; scorpions often have poison in their tails.

•    pat down the earth - beavers use their powerful tails to pat ground down hard and solid.

•    swim - almost all fish use their tails to let them swim.

•    steer their movement - fish, whales, dolphin, sharks and many others use their tail as a sort of rudder to steer them in a certain direction. Birds' tails are very important rudders too.

•    keep it warm - a little squirrel or fox wraps its tail around it like a blanket to keep warm!

•    chase away flies - a cow or horse can swish their tail to get rid of flies.

•    warn others of possible dangers - some deer flash the white underside of their tails to other deer to warn them of possible danger.

•    communicate - dogs show their emotion in their tails. If they are happy to see you they wag their tails. A burglar is not always met with the same wagging tail!

•    protect - an armadillo has an armoured tail to protect itself. They can roll up into the ball, with their tail protecting them.

•    distract predators - if a lizard is attacked it will drop its tail and get away while the predator goes after the wriggling tail.

論文アブストラクト４

結果の表示に数値が用いられます。

記号も含めて、英語表記に慣れましょう。

Attributes and predictors of long COVID

Reports of long-lasting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptoms, the so-called ‘long COVID’, are rising but little is known about prevalence, risk factors or whether it is possible to predict a protracted course early in the disease. 

We analyzed data from 4,182 incident cases of COVID-19 in which individuals self-reported their symptoms prospectively in the COVID Symptom Study app¹. 

A total of 558 (13.3%) participants reported symptoms lasting ≥28 days, 189 (4.5%) for ≥8 weeks and 95 (2.3%) for ≥12 weeks. Long COVID was characterized by symptoms of fatigue, headache, dyspnea and anosmia and was more likely with increasing age and body mass index and female sex. 

Experiencing more than five symptoms during the first week of illness was associated with long COVID (odds ratio = 3.53 (2.76–4.50)). A simple model to distinguish between short COVID and long COVID at 7 days (total sample size, n = 2,149) showed an area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic curve of 76%, with replication in an independent sample of 2,472 individuals who were positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. 

This model could be used to identify individuals at risk of long COVID for trials of prevention or treatment and to plan education and rehabilitation services.

　　　　　　　　　　　１＝Menni, C. et al. Real-time tracking of self-reported symptoms to predict

　　　　　　　　　　　potential COVID-19. Nat. Med. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0916-2 (2020).

日本語では ≧ とアンダーバーが２本ですが、英語では ≥ １本です。

論文アブストラクト３

Research paperなどのアブストラクトの中には必ず、その目的が書かれています。

このアブストラクトでは、どの文章が目的を示しているでしょう。

（わかりやすくするために改行とスペースを入れていますが、原文は１パラグラフです）

Highly foldable, robust and water-resistant cellulose specialty paper reinforced by aramid nanofibers

Mechanical strength and water resistance are typical issues with cellulose paper due to the nature of cellulose. 

Specialty papers that are highly foldable, such as banknotes and securities, must be able to withstand multiple folding actions while also providing exceptional durability. 

In this paper, a multi-approach strategy involving direct addition, in-situ growth, and coating is proposed for introducing aramid nanofibers (ANFs) as 1D nanofillers and 2D membranes to improve the overall properties of cellulose specialty paper. 

The flexible and fatigue-resistant ANFs with a large aspect ratio play the roles of filling and bridging between cellulose fibers and ANF via massive hydrogen bonds. 

The resulting 1.5 wt% ANF reinforced paper has a tensile index of 79.1 N m/g, an impressive folding endurance of over 3500 times, and strong water resistance (a water contact angle of 85.2°). 

Furthermore, SEM observation of paper during various folding periods reveals that the filling and bridging effects of ANFs, as well as their highly entangled nanofibrous network, contribute to paper's excellent foldability. 

This work facilitates promising candidates for simultaneously achieving robust, highly foldable, durable and water-resistant cellulose specialty paper.

特許クレームをみる５

モノのクレーム

Optically clear sensitive adhesive article

USP 10954413 (3M)

A pressure sensitive adhesive article comprising:

       a substrate;

       a pressure sensitive adhesive film disposed on the substrate;

       wherein: the pressure sensitive adhesive film comprises:

                an optically clear adhesive composition formed by polymerizing a mixture of monomers comprising at least one (C1-C18)alkyl (meth)acrylate monomer and at least one polar (meth)acrylate monomer; and

                particles consisting of hydrophobic surface-modified fumed silica disposed in the optically clear pressure sensitive adhesive composition, the hydrophobic surface-modified fumed silica being present at 4 wt-% to 70 wt-%, relative to a total weight of the of the pressure sensitive adhesive film;

      wherein the pressure sensitive adhesive film has a haze value in a range of 0 to 3%, a visible light transmittance value of 85 to 100%, and exhibits a storage modulus of 102 kPa to 213 kPa at 25°C.

エレメントは２つ。

wherein内は、主語をエレメント(film)で保っています。

　ヘイズ値、可視光透過率値が主語になっていません。

consist ofもありますね。

赤字のtheは、関係代名詞を使わず、きちんと主語を立て直して書く例です。

　これはきわめて頻繁に使う書き方です。