論文アブストラクト7

食料不安と健康とは関係があるのか

被引用数が1000を超える論文のアブストです。

Food Insecurity And Health Outcomes

Abstract

Almost fifty million people are food insecure in the United States, which makes food insecurity one of the nation’s leading health and nutrition issues. We examine recent research evidence of the health consequences of food insecurity for children, nonsenior adults, and seniors in the United States. For context, we first provide an overview of how food insecurity is measured in the country, followed by a presentation of recent trends in the prevalence of food insecurity. Then we present a survey of selected recent research that examined the association between food insecurity and health outcomes. We show that the literature has consistently found food insecurity to be negatively associated with health. For example, after confounding risk factors were controlled for, studies found that food-insecure children are at least twice as likely to report being in fair or poor health and at least 1.4 times more likely to have asthma, compared to food-secure children; and food-insecure seniors have limitations in activities of daily living comparable to those of food-secure seniors fourteen years older. The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) substantially reduces the prevalence of food insecurity and thus is critical to reducing negative health outcomes.

論文アブストラクト6

オリンピック開催にまつわる経済面はどうなのでしょう。

 

Going for the Gold: The Economics of the Olympics

Abstract

In this paper, we explore the costs and benefits of hosting the Olympic Games. On the cost side, there are three major categories: general infrastructure such as transportation and housing to accommodate athletes and fans; specific sports infrastructure required for competition venues; and operational costs, including general administration as well as the opening and closing ceremony and security. Three major categories of benefits also exist: the short-run benefits of tourist spending during the Games; the long-run benefits or the "Olympic legacy" which might include improvements in infrastructure and increased trade, foreign investment, or tourism after the Games; and intangible benefits such as the "feel-good effect" or civic pride. Each of these costs and benefits will be addressed in turn, but the overwhelming conclusion is that in most cases the Olympics are a money-losing proposition for host cities; they result in positive net benefits only under very specific and unusual circumstances. Furthermore, the cost–benefit proposition is worse for cities in developing countries than for those in the industrialized world. In closing, we discuss why what looks like an increasingly poor investment decision on the part of cities still receives significant bidding interest and whether changes in the bidding process of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) will improve outcomes for potential hosts.

現在進行形で冬季オリンピックが開催されており、昨年は東京での開催でした。

興味深い内容です。東京はどうだったのかな

コロンとセミコロンをたどると上手に読めます。

論文アブストラクト５

Abstractには将来的な見通しについての記載もよく含まれます。

もちろん含まれないpaperやarticleも多くあります。

Abstractに何を盛り込むかはAuthorの判断。

Semiconductor Quantum Computation

Abstract （分かりやすいように改行しています）

Semiconductors, a significant type of material in the information era, are becoming more and more powerful in the field of quantum information. 

In the last decades, semiconductor quantum computation was investigated thoroughly across the world and developed with a dramatically fast speed. 

The researches vary from initialization, control and readout of qubits, to the architecture of fault tolerant quantum computing. Here, we first introduce the basic ideas for quantum computing, and then discuss the developments of single- and two-qubit gate control in semiconductor. 

Till now, the qubit initialization, control and readout can be realized with relatively high fidelity and a programmable two-qubit quantum processor was even demonstrated.

However, to further improve the qubit quality and scale it up, there are still some challenges to resolve such as the improvement of readout method, material development and scalable designs. We discuss these issues and introduce the forefronts of progress.

Finally, considering the positive trend of the research on semiconductor quantum devices and recent theoretical work on the applications of quantum computation, we anticipate that semiconductor quantum computation may develop fast and will have a huge impact on our lives in the near future. 

Keywords: semiconductor quantum dot, qubit, quantum computation, spin manipulation

半導体量子計算は近い将来、我々に大きな影響を及ぼしそうということですね。

特許クレームをみる７

化学系のクレーム

Curing agents for compounds

USP 10472494

 

What is claimed is:

1. An article, comprising a cured compound that, before curing, comprised: 

A) a fluoroelastomer comprising copolymerized units of: 

(1) one or more unsaturated fluorinated olefins, 

(2) one or more fluorovinyl ethers selected from the group consisting of perfluoro(alkyl vinyl) ethers, perfluoro(alkoxy vinyl) ethers, fluoro(alkyl vinyl) ethers, fluoro(alkoxy vinyl) ethers, and mixtures of these, and 

(3) one or more cure site monomer selected from the group consisting of nitrile-containing fluorinated olefins and nitrile-containing fluorinated vinyl ethers; and 

B) 0.1 to 10 weight percent of a curing agent of formula (I):

R₁N ═ CR₂R₃ (I) 

wherein: 

R₁ is H; 

R₂ is selected from the group consisting of NH₂, and NR₄R₅; 

R₃ is selected from the group consisting of SO₂H, NR₆R₇, 2-pyridine, and CH₂CONH₂;

R₄ is H; 

R₅ is selected from the group consisting of NH₂, and CN; 

R₆ is selected from the group consisting of H, CCONH₂; and 

R₇ is selected from the group consisting of COOC(CH₃)₃, NH₂, CH₂COOH, CNHNH₃⁺Cl⁻, p-phenylCN, COPh,

is selected from the group consisting of = 「からなる群から選択される」

マーカッシュと呼ばれる表現方法です。

化学系に限らず、機械分野などでも使われます。

特許クレームをみる６

化学系のクレーム

Copolymer including ultraviolet light-absorbing group and compositions including the same

USP 10519350 (3M)

A copolymer comprising:

first divalent units independently represented by formula:  

wherein X is a bond, alkylene, or alkyleneoxy,

wherein the alkylene or alkyleneoxy have from 1 to 10 carbon atoms and are optionally interrupted by one or more —O— groups and optionally substituted by a hydroxyl group;

R is alkyl having from one to four carbon atoms;

n is 0 or 1; and

Z is a 4,6-bisphenyl[1,3,5]triazin-2-yl group wherein each phenyl is optionally independently substituted by one or more alkyl or alkoxy groups;    (以下略)     

USクレームではcanやmayといった可能表現は使えません。

optionallyなどの副詞は、その可能性をカバーする表現の１つです。

「非(無)置換またはヒドロキシ基で置換されている」という選択肢を表したり

「ヒドロキシ基で置換されていてもよい」という可能性を表したり。

英語って効率がよいですよね。