特許クレームをみる６

化学系のクレーム

Copolymer including ultraviolet light-absorbing group and compositions including the same

USP 10519350 (3M)

A copolymer comprising:

first divalent units independently represented by formula:  

wherein X is a bond, alkylene, or alkyleneoxy,

wherein the alkylene or alkyleneoxy have from 1 to 10 carbon atoms and are optionally interrupted by one or more —O— groups and optionally substituted by a hydroxyl group;

R is alkyl having from one to four carbon atoms;

n is 0 or 1; and

Z is a 4,6-bisphenyl[1,3,5]triazin-2-yl group wherein each phenyl is optionally independently substituted by one or more alkyl or alkoxy groups;    (以下略)     

USクレームではcanやmayといった可能表現は使えません。

optionallyなどの副詞は、その可能性をカバーする表現の１つです。

「非(無)置換またはヒドロキシ基で置換されている」という選択肢を表したり

「ヒドロキシ基で置換されていてもよい」という可能性を表したり。

英語って効率がよいですよね。

海外の教科書から７

４年生(Eネイティブ)理科

Natural Sciences and Technology Grade 4-A

Chapter 5. Structures for animal shelters p.98

- - - - - - 

この教科書では、

社会人としての技術系業務でエッセンスとなる内容と英語表現が普通にさらりと出てきます。

大いに参考にしていただきたいです。

The Technology Process 

When we design and make products and structures we use a special way to do this. It is called the Technology Process. The Technology Process helps you to design and make products. We use the Technology Process to investigate a specific problem. 

We then use this information to design and make something to help us solve this problem. While we work on the design and make the product, we constantly evaluate it to see if it is working and if it does what we meant for it to do. We also talk to our friends or the other people working with us to tell what we plan to do and to explain how we want to design or make the product. 

Many people use the technology process every day. If you want to design and make something to solve a problem, you can also use it! 

The Technology Process has 5 steps: 

1. Investigate 

2. Design 

3. Make 

4. Evaluate 

5. Communicate 

Whenever we do a Technology project in Natural Sciences and Technology, we will be following these steps!

"design"は日本語では「設計(する)」

(下のimageはこの教科書からの引用ではありません)

海外の教科書から６

４年生(Eネイティブ)理科

Natural Sciences and Technology Grade 4-A

Chapter 5. Structures for animal shelters p.97

構造関係についての重要単語がさりげなくぎっしり詰まっていて驚きます。

and/orも使われていて驚愕

Shell and frame structures

Shell structures mainly contain and/or protect the contents. A bird's egg protects the little chick growing inside it. A car gives some protection to its passengers. A pot holds the food inside it. 

A frame structure gives support. There is a frame structure inside your body! Your skeleton supports your body! Your knees and elbows are places where the bones join. 

A frame structure must carry a load in the right places without it collapsing or falling over. 

Frames are made of members and joins. The members are the long parts and the joins are where the long parts come together. Sometimes longer tubes can be joined to make triangles. The tubes are called the members. Where the tubes come together that is called the join.

"member"が日本語の何に相当するかご存じですか

(下のskeltonはこの教科書からの引用ではありません)

海外の教科書から５

４年生(Eネイティブ)理科

Natural Sciences and Technology Grade 4-A

Chapter 4. Habitats of animals and plants p.80 

"habitat"は、日本でも小学校の英語の時間に習うようですね。

4.3 Why do animals need a habitat? 

Animals and plants need food, water and shelter in their habitat. Animals also need a safe place to have their young (babies) and to hide from predators and escape from other danger. Let's look at some more of the reasons why animals need a habitat.

Camouflage in a habitat

Some animals rely on their habitat to escape danger or to hide from the food they are trying to catch! To help them do this they, blend in with their surroundings. This is called camouflage.

Animals use camouflage for two reasons:

1. Animals use it to hide from predators. In other words, their camouflage helps them to hide from other animals that eat them. 

2. Animals use it to hide from their prey. In other words, when they are hunting it helps them to sneak up on other animals without being seen. 

Animals are camouflaged in different ways.

A chameleon can change its skin colour to blend in with its surroundings.

「カムフラージュ」は動詞もあり(上記下線部)、 しかも他動詞です！

海外の教科書から４

４年生(Eネイティブ)理科

Natural Sciences and Technology Grade 4-A

Chapter 3. What plants need to grow p.61 

英語"condition"　は「条件」です。

日本語では「状態」のように使われることも多いですね。

「状態」は英語では "state"です。

どちらも数えられる名詞！

Conditions for growth

What do plants need to grow?

Sunlight

• Plants need sunlight to grow and live.
• Green plants use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide gas to make food.
• The plant can use some of this food to grow and develop.
• It stores the rest of the food, which animals can eat.
• When animals and humans eat plants they get energy from the plant.

Air

Just like animals and people, plants also need air to live and grow. Plants use carbon dioxide to make food so that they can grow.

Water

Plants need water to grow and to make food. Some plants need more water than others. The amount of water a plant needs depends on the type of plant. If the plant does not get the amount of water it needs it will die. Some plants are able to grow in very dry areas, such as cacti in the desert. These plants have adapted (changed) over many, many years to be able to survive in these conditions.

The roots of the plant absorb water from the soil. This water carries nutrients from the soil to all the parts of the plant. In the picture, the raindrops are collecting on the leaves. They will then fall down to the ground and soak into the soil. The roots will then absorb the water for the plant.

日本の中学で学習する文法内容が網羅されている👀素晴らしい