Marine Ornamental Species Aquaculture
Ricardo Calado (Editor), Ike Olivotto (Editor), Miquel Planas Oliver (Editor), G. Joan Holt (Editor)
ISBN: 978-0-470-67390-4
712 pages
発売日： 2017/3/6
Wiley-Blackwell
https://www.amazon.co.jp/Marine-Ornamental-Species-Aquaculture-Olivotto/dp/0470673907
Hardcover $230.00
E-book $184.99
About the Editors
Ricardo Calado, Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal
Ike Olivotto, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy
Miguel Planas Oliver, Departamento de Ecología Y Recursos Marinos, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC), Spain
G. Joan Holt, Marine Science Institute, University of Texas, USA
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List of Contributors ... xxv
Foreword ... xxxi
Part I Overview of Marine Ornamental Species Aquaculture
1 The Marine Ornamental Species Trade......3
Matthew R. Palmtag
1.1 Introduction ... 3
1.2 History ... 4
1.3 Economics ofTrade ... 5
1.4 Species of Trade ... 5
1.5 Organization of Trade ... 6
1.6 Environmental Impact ... 7
1.7 Marine Ornamentals Aquaculture ... 9
1.8 Conclusions ... 12
Acknowledgements ... 12
References ... 12
2 The Need for Cultured Specimens......15
Ricardo Calado
2.1 Introduction ... 15
2.2 Should All Marine Ornamental Species be Cultured? ... 16
2.3 Highly Demanded Marine Ornamental Species Cultured in Captivity ... 18
2.4 Conclusions ... 20
References ... 21
3 Life Cycles in Marine Ornamental Species – Fishes as a Case Study......23
Ike Olivotto, Ming Yih Leu and Mercedes Blazquez
3.1 Introduction ... 23
3.2 Patterns of Sexuality in Fish ... 24
3.2.1 Gonochoristic Fish ... 24
3.2.1.1 Differentiated Gonochoristics ... 24
3.2.1.2 Undifferentiated Gonochoristics ... 24
3.2.1.3 Secondary Gonochoristics ... 24
3.2.2 Hermaphrodite Fish ... 24
3.2.2.1 Synchronous Hermaphrodites ... 25
3.2.2.2 Sequential Hermaphrodites ... 25
3.2.3 Unisexual Fish ... 27
3.3 Sex Determination and Sex Differentiation in Fish ... 28
3.4 Molecular Markers of Sex Differentiation ... 29
3.5 Transcriptomic Studies on Fish Sex Differentiation ... 29
3.6 Demersal Spawners ... 30
3.7 Pelagic Spawners ... 34
3.8 Conclusions ... 38
Acknowledgements ... 39
References ... 39
4 Early Culture Trials and an Overview on U.S. Marine Ornamental Species Trade......51
Andrew L. Rhyne, Michael F. Tlusty and Joseph T. Szczebak
4.1 Introduction ... 51
4.2 Import Data and the Marine Aquarium Trade ... 52
4.2.1 Reducing the Data Deficiency ... 54
4.2.2 General Trends in the Trade of Marine Aquarium Species ... 54
4.3 Aquaculture for the Marine Aquarium Trade: Bottlenecks and Opportunities ... 58
Brief History ... 58
4.4 Constraints and Opportunities for the Commercial Production of Marine Aquarium Species ... 59
4.4.1 Life History Characteristics as Constraints to Commercial Production ... 59
4.4.2 Economic and Regulatory Constraints to Commercial Production ... 61
The Banggai Cardinalfish ... 61
Mandarin Dragonets ... 62
CITES and ESA as Constraints and Opportunities in Aquaculture Production ... 63
4.5 Risks and Benefits ofAquaculture Production ... 63
4.5.1 Ecological Risk and Aquaculture Production as a Source of Nonindigenous and Invasive Marine Species ... 64
4.5.2 Economic Benefits of Aquaculture in Reef Side Communities ... 65
4.5.3 Reducing Bottlenecks and Opportunities for Growth ... 65
Species Selection ... 65
Live Feed Bottlenecks ... 65
4.6 Conclusions ... 66
Acknowledgements ... 66
References ... 66
Part II Facilities, Culture Systems and Other Specific Requirements
5 Location......75
Ricardo Calado
5.1 Introduction ... 75
5.2 In Situ Culture ... 76
5.3 Ex Situ Culture ... 77
5.4 Licensing and Other Legal Issues ... 77
5.5 Conclusions ... 78
References ... 78
6 Broodstock Systems......81
Rui J.m. Rocha and Maria Teresa Dinis
6.1 Introduction ... 81
6.2 Broodstock Management and Reproduction ... 82
6.3 Systems Design and Planning ... 82
6.3.1 Biological Requirements of Cultured Species ... 83
6.3.2 Broodstock Infrastructures ... 85
6.3.2.1 System Operation Regime ... 86
6.3.2.2 Broodstock Tank Design and Dimensions ... 86
6.3.2.3 Technical Equipment ... 90
6.3.3 Operational Costs and Market Value of Cultivated Species ... 95
6.4 Conclusions ... 96
Acknowledgements ... 97
References ... 97
7 Larviculture Systems......101
Ike Olivotto and Miquel Planas Oliver
7.1 Introduction ... 101
7.2 Microcosms ... 102
7.3 Mesocosms ... 105
7.4 Conclusions ... 108
Acknowledgements ... 109
References ... 109
8 Live Prey Production Systems......111
8.1 Introduction ... 111
8.2 Microalgae ... 112
8.3 Rotifers ... 113
8.4 Artemia ... 115
8.4.1 Cyst Disinfection ... 116
8.4.2 Cyst Decapsulation ... 116
8.4.3 Cyst Incubation and Hatching ... 116
8.4.4 Enrichment ... 117
8.5 Copepods ... 118
8.6 Other Prey ... 121
8.6.1 Mysid Shrimp (Mysidaceans) ... 121
8.6.2 Grass Shrimp Palaemonetes spp ... .121
8.6.3 Trocophora Larvae ... 121
8.6.4 Caprellids (Amphipoda) ... 121
8.6.5 Other Organisms ... 122
8.7 Conclusions ... 122
Acknowledgements ... 122
References ... 122
9 Larval Diets and Nutrition......125
Ike Olivotto, Miquel Planas Oliver and Claudia Turchi
9.1 Larval Nutritional Requirements ... 125
9.2 Microalgae ... 127
9.3 Rotifers, Artemia and Ciliates ... 129 ·
9.4 Copepods ... 131
9.5 Inert Diets (Dry Food and Preserved Copepods) ... 133
9.6 Conclusions ... 134
References ... 134
10 Growout and Broodstock Nutrition......139
Steven R. Craig, Todd R. Gardner and Oliana Carnevali
10.1 Introduction ... 139
10.2 Nutritional Components ... 140
10.2.1 Complete Feeds ... 140
10.2.2 Proteins ... 141
10.2.3 Lipids ... 142
10.2.4 Vitamins ... 143
10.2.5 Minerals ... 143
10.2.6 Carotenoids (Coloration) ... 144
10.2.7 Spirulina ... 144
10.3 Broodstock Nutrition ... 145
10.3.1 Spawn Quality ... 145
10.3.2 Feeding and Nutrition ... 146
10.3.3 Marine Ornamentals Examples ... 147
10.3.3.1 Amphiprion ... 147
10.3.3.2 Centropyge ... 148
10.3.3.3 Dunckerocampus ... 148
10.3.3.4 Genicanthus ... 148
10.3.3.5 Hippocampus ... 148
10.3.3.6 Liopropoma ... 148
10.3.3.7 Pseudanthias ... 149
10.3.3.8 Oxymonacanthus ... 149
10.4 Probiotics ... 149
10.4.1 Application of Probiotics in Ornamental Fish ... 150
10.4.2 Genes Controlling Fish Growth and Development ... 151
10.4.3 Clownfish Example ... 151
10.5 Conclusions ... 152
References ... 153
11 Considerations for Developing a Marine Ornamental Hatchery......159
Avier J. Montalvo
11.1 Introduction ... 159
11.2 Hatchery Location ... 160
11.3 Facility Layout ... 160
11.4 Water Sources ... 160
11.4.1 Saltwater ... 161
11.4.2 Freshwater ... 161
11.5 Electricity ... 162
11.6 Lighting ... 163
11.7 Tanks and Aquariums ... 163
11.7.1 Broodstock Setup ... 164
11.7.2 Growout Setup ... 166
11.8 Diet and Nutrition ... 167
11.9 Quarantine ... 168
11.10 Filtration ... 169
11.11 Market Assessment ... 170
11.12 Quality Control ... 171
11.13 Other Considerations ... 171
11.14 Conclusions ... 172
Acknowledgements ... 172
References ... 172
Part III Marine Ornamental Fishes Aquaculture
12 Clownfish......177
Ike Olivotto and Benjamin Geffroy
12.1 Introduction ... 177
12.2 Social Structure ... 179
12.3 Sex Reversal in Clownfish ... 180
12.3.1 Histological and Molecular Mechanisms of Sex Change ... 180
12.3.2 Socially-Induced Sex Differentiation ... 181
12.4 Broodstock Nutrition ... 182
12.5 Broodstock Tanks and Establishing Pairs ... 183
12.6 Spawning ... 185
12.6.1 Nest Cleaning and Courtship ... 185
12.6.2 Nest Care ... 185
12.6.3 Embryo Development ... 186
12.7 Hatching, Larval Tanks and First Feeding ... 187
12.8 Early Trials ... 190
12.9 Conclusions ... 193
Acknowledgements ... 194
References ... 194
13 Mouthbrooders – the Banggai Cardinalfish......201
Alejandro A. Vagelli
13.1 Introduction ... 201
13.2 The Reproductive Biology of Pterapogon kauderni ... 203
13.2.1 General Characteristics and Ontogenetic Terminology ... 203
13.2.2 Courtship Behaviours and Pair Formation ... 205
13.2.3 Mating, and Egg-Clutch Transfer ... 206
13.2.4 Post-Mating Behaviours ... 206
13.3 General Ecological Characteristics of Pterapogon kauderni ... 207
13.3.1 Habitat, Microhabitat and Community Associations ... 208
13.4 Captive Breeding of Pterapogon kauderni ... 209
13.4.1 Broodstock ... 210
13.4.1.1 Gender Determination ... 210
13.4.1.2 Feeding ... 212
13.4.2 Reproduction and Incubation ... 213
13.4.2.1 Environmental Requirements ... 213
13.4.2.2 Tank Choices ... 213
13.4.3 Juvenile Rearing ... 215
13.5 Nutritional Aspects and Diseases ... 216
13.5.1 Shock Syndrome ... 216
13.5.2 A New Viral Disease ... 218
13.6 Conclusions ... 219
Acknowledgements ... 219
References ... 219
14 Other Demersal Spawners and Mouthbrooders......223
Marcelo Shei, Miguel Mies and Ike Olivotto
14.1 Introduction ... 223
14.2 Gobies (Gobiidae) ... 224
14.2.1 Reproduction ... 225
14.2.2 Spawning ... 226
14.2.3 Larval Rearing ... 227
14.3 Blennies (Blenniidae) ... 228
14.3.1 Reproduction ... 229
14.3.2 Spawning ... 230
14.3.3 Larval Rearing ... 230
14.4 Dottybacks (Pseudochromidae) ... 231
14.4.1 Reproduction and Behaviour ... 231
14.4.2 Broodstock and Spawning ... 232
14.4.3 Larval Rearing ... 234
14.5 Damselfishes (Pomacentridae) ... 236
14.5.1 Reproduction and Behaviour ... 236
14.5.2 Broodstock and Spawning ... 237
14.5.3 Larval Rearing ... 239
14.6 Other Demersal Spawning Families ... 240
14.6.1 Grammatidae ... 240
14.6.2 Plesiopidae ... 241
14.6.3 Microdesmidae ... 241
14.7 Other Mouthbrooders ... 242
14.7.1 Apogonidae ... 242
14.7.2 Plesiopidae ... 242
14.7.3 Opistognathidae ... 243
14.8 Conclusions ... 243
Acknowledgements· ... 243
References ... 243
15 Large Angelfish and Other Pelagic Spawners......251
G. Joan Holt, Ming ]Yih Leu, Chatham K. Callan and Brad Erisman
15.1 Introduction ... 251
15.1.1 Sexual Patterns ... 252
15.1.2 Size Matters ... 252
15.1.3 Conformity ... 253
15.1.4 Exceptions ... 253
15.1.5 What can go Wrong? ... 254
15.2 Serranidae ... 254
15.2.1 Reef Basslets (Liopropoma spp.) ... 254
15.2.1.1 Broodstock and Spawning ... 254
15.2.1.2 Larval Rearing ... 255
15.2.1.3 Additional Information ·255
15.2.2 Hamlets (Hypoplectrus spp.) ... 255
15.2.3 Harlequin Bass (Serranus tigrinus) ... 255
15.2.3.1 Broodstock and Spawning ... 255
15.2.3.2 Larval Rearing ... 256
15.2.4 Yellow Anthias (Odontanthiasfuscipinnis) ... 256
15.3 Lutjanidae ... 257
15.3.1 Bluestripe Snapper (Lutjanus kasmira) ... 257
15.3.2 Five-Lined Snapper (Lutjanus quinquelineatus) ... 257
15.3.2.1 Broodstock and Spawning ... 257
15.3.2.2 Larval Rearing ... 257
15.3.3 Yellowtail Snapper (Ocyurus chrysurus) ... 258
15.3.3.1 Broodstock and Spawning ... 258
15.3.3.2 Larval Rearing ... 258
15.4 Haemulidae ... 258
15.4.1 French Grunt (Haemulon flavolineatum) ... 259
15.4.1.1 Broodstock and Spawning ... 259
15.4.1.2 Larval Rearing ... 259
15.4.2 Indian Ocean Oriental Sweetlips (Plectorhinchus vittatus) ... 259
15.4.2.1 Broodstock and Spawning ... 259
15.4.2.2 Larval Rearing ... 259
15.5 Sciaenidae ... 260
15.5.1 Jackknife Fish (Equatus lanceolatus) ... 260
15.5.1.1 Broodstock and Spawning ... 260
15.5.1.2 Larval Rearfng ... .260
15.5.1.3 Additional Information ... 260
15.5.2 High-Hat (Pareques acuminatus) ... 260
15.5.3 Cubbyu (Pareques umbrosus) ... 261
15.5.3.1 Broodstock and Spawning ... 261
15.5.3.2 Larval Rearing ... 261
15.6 Chaetodontidae ... 262
15.6.1 Millet (Milletseed) Butterflyfish (Chaetodon miliaris) ... 262
15.6.1.1 Broodstock and Spawning ... 262
15.6.1.2 Larval Rearing ... 262
15.6.2 Schooling Bannerfish (Heniochus diphreutes) ... 262
15.7 Pomacanthidae ... 263
15.7.1 Bandit Angel (Apolemichthys arcuatus) ... 263
15.7.2 Bluestriped Angelfish (Chaetodontoplus septentrionalis) ... 263
15.7.2.1 Broodstock and Spawning ... 263
15.7.2.2 Larval Rearing ... 263
15.7.2.3 Additional Information ... 264
15.7.3 Semicircle Angelfish (Pomacanthus semicirculatus) ... 264
15.7.3.1 Broodstock and Spawning ... 264
15.7.3.2 Larval Rearing ... 264
15.8 Labridae ... 265
15.8.1 Spotfin (Cuban) Hogfish (Bodianus pulchellus) ... 265
15.8.1.1 Broodstock and Spawning ... 265
15.8.1.2 Larval Rearing ... 266
15.8.2 Clown Wrasse (Halichores maculipinna) ... 266
15.8.2.1 Broodstock and Spawning ... 266
15.8.2.2 Larval Rearing ... 266
15.8.3 Bluestreak Cleaner Wrasse (Labroides dimidiatus) ... 266
15.8.3.1 Broodstock and Spawning ... 267
15.8.3.2 Larval Rearing ... 267
15.8.4 Bluehead Wrasse (Thalassoma bifasciatum) ... 267
15.8.4.1 Broodstock and Spawning ... 267
15.8.4.2 Larval Rearing ... 267
15.8.4.3 Additional Information ... 267
15.9 Callionymidae ... 268
15.9.1 Lancer Dragonet (Callionymus bairdi) ... 268
15.9.1.1 Larval Rearing ... 268
15.9.1.2 Additional Information ... 268
15.9.2 Mandarin Fish (Synchiropus splendidus) ... 268
15.9.2.1 Broodstock and Spawning ... 268
15.9.2.2 Larval Rearing ... 268
15.9.2.3 Additional Information ... 269
15.10 Ephippidae ... 269
15.10.1 Spadefish (ChaetodipterusJaber) ... 269
15.10.2 Orbiculate Batfish (Platax orbicularis) ... 269
15.10.3 Longfin Batfish (Platax teira) ... 269
15.10.3.1 Broodstock and Spawning ... 269
15.10.3.2 Larval Rearing ... 270
15.11 Acanthuridae ... 270
15.11.1 Palette Surgeonfish (Paracanthurus hepatus) ... 270
15.11.1.1 Broodstock and Spawning ... 270
15.11.1.2 Larval Rearing ... 270
15.11.2 Yellow Tang (Zebrasomaflavescens) ... 271
15.11.2.1 Broodstock and Spawning ... 271
15.11.2.2 Larval Rearing ... 271
15.12 Conclusions ... 273
Acknowledgements ... 273
References ... 274
16 Dwarf Angelfish......279
Frank Baensch
16.1 Introduction ... 279
16.2 Broodstock ... 282
16.2.1 Social Organization ... 282
16.2.2 Diet ... 283
16.2.3 Tank Parameters (Size, Height and Shelter) ... 283
16.2.4 Water Quality ... 285
16.2.5 Lighting and Water Temperature ... 285
16.2.6 Broodstock Summary ... 285
16.3 Larval Rearing ... 286
16.3.1 Rearing Systems ... 286
16.3.2 Water Temperature ... 286
16.3.3 Live Feeds ... 286
16.3.4 Microalgae ... 287
16.3.5 Lighting ... 288
16.3.6 Circulation ... 288
16.3.7 Water Quality and Maintenance ... 288
16.3.8 Larval Biology ... 289
16.3.9 Study Results ... 292 ·
16.3.10 Larvae Summary ... 292
16.4 Juvenile Growout ... 293
16.4.1 Growout Conditions ... 294
16.4.2 Juvenile Summary ... 295
16.5 Conclusions ... 295
Acknowledgements ... 296
References ... 296
17 Seahorses and Pipefish......299
Miquel Planas Oliver, Robert Burhans and Nuno Simoes
17.1 Introduction ... 299
17.2 Anatomy and General Biology ... 300
17.3 Reproduction and Mating System ... 301
17.4 Husbandry ... 303
17.4.1 Habitat ... 303
17.4.2 Tank Mates ... 304
17.4.3 Feeding ... 304
17.4.4 Breeding ... 306
17.4.5 Color ... 306
17.5 Rearing Systems ... 307
17.6 Diseases ... 311
17.7 Rearing ofSelected Seahorse Species ... 314
17.7.1 Pacific Seahorse Hippocampus ingens ... 314
17.7.2 Lined Seahorse Hippocampus erectus ... 314
17.7.3 Slender or Longsnout Seahorse Hippocampus reidi ... 316
17.7.4 European Long-snouted Seahorse Hippocampus guttulatus ... 316
17.7.5 Pot-Belly Seahorse Hippocampus abdominalis ... 317
17.7.6 Dwarf Seahorse Hippocampus zosterae ... 317
17.8 Rearing ofSelected Pipefish ... 317
17.8.1 Genus Corythoichthys ... 319
17.8.2 GenusDoryrhamphus ... 319
17.8.3 Genus Dunckerocampus ... 319
17.8.4 Genus Solenostomus (Ghost Pipefish) ... 319
17.8.5 Genus Syngnathus (Seaweed Pipefish) ... 320
17.8.6 Genus Haliichthys (Haliichthys taeniophorus; Ribboned Pipehorse) ... 320
17.9 Rearing ofSeadragons ... 320
17.9.1 Leafy Seadragon, Phycodurus eques ... 321
17.9.2 Weedy Seadragon, Phyllopteryx taeniolatus ... 321
17.10 Conclusions ... 322
Acknowledgements ... 322
References ... 322
18 Post Larval Capture and Culture of Ornamental Fishes......327
Gilles Lecaillon
18.1 Introduction ... 327
18.2 PCC Versus Fish Life Cycle ... 328
18.3 Features Determining Species Suitability to the Marine Aquarium Trade ... 330
18.3.1 Catch Efficiency ... 330
18.3.2 High Quality of Fishes ... 331
18.3.3 Consistency ... 331
18.3.4 Species Requested by the Market ... 332
18.3.5 The Best Site on the Planet? ... 335
18.4 Hobbyist Responsibilities ... 335
18.5 PCC Experiences ... 339
18.6 Conclusions ... 342
Acknowledgements ... 343
References ... 343
19 Common Diseases in Marine Ornamental Fishes......347
Maria Letizia Fioravanti and Daniela Florio
19.1 Introduction ... 347
19.2 Parasitic Diseases ... 349
19.2.1 Amyloodinium ocellatum ... 350
19.2.2 Cryptocaryon irritans ... 351
19.2.3 Scuticociliatida ... 354
19.2.4 Brooklynella hostilis ... 355
19.2.5 Other Potentially Pathogenic Ciliates ... 355
19.2.6 Myxozoans ... 355
19.2.7 Monogeneans ... 356
19.2.8 Other Potentially Pathogenic Helminthes ... 357
19.3 Mycotic Diseases ... 358
19.3.1 Microsporidiosis ... 358
19.3.2 Exophialosis ... 359
19.3.3 Fusariomycosis ... 359
19.4 Bacterial Diseases ... 360
19.4.1 Vibriosis ... 360
19.4.2 Tenacibaculosis ... 361
19.4.3 Streptococcosis ... 362
19.4.4 Mycobacteriosis ... 363
19.4.5 Control of Bacterial Diseases ... 364
19.5 Viral Diseases ... 365
19.5.1 Viral Encephalopathy and Retinopathy (VER) ... 365
19.5.2 Infections Due to Iridoviridae ... 366
19.5.3 Lymphocystis ... 366
19.5.4 Megalocytivirus ... 367
19.5.5 Damselfish Neurofibromatosis ... 368
19.6 Conclusions ... 368
Acknowledgements ... 368
References ... 369
Part IV Marine Ornamental Invertebrates Aquaculture
20 Live Rock......385
Nuno Simoes, Andres Altamira, Marcelo Shei and Francesco Perissonotti
20.1 Introduction ... 385
20.2 Trade of Live Rock: A Bit of History ... 387
20.3 Types of Live Rock ... 388
20.4 Principal Recipes to Make Your Own Aquacultured Live Rock ... 391
20.5 Decoration Versus Filtration: Myth or Reality? ... 392
20.6 Problems in Use ... 393
20.7 Financial Issues? ... 394
20.8 Observations on the Differences of Live Rock ... 395
20.8.1 Experiments with Different Types of Rock and Maturation Times ... 395
20.8.2 Experiments with Different Level of Porosity ... 397
20.9 Conclusions ... 399
Acknowledgements ... 399
References ... 399
21 Cnidarians......403
Ricardo Calado
References ... 404
21.1 Corals......406
Miguel C. Leal, Christine Ferrier ]Pages, Dirk Petersen and Ronald Osinga
21.1.1 Introduction ... 406
21.1.2 Coral Propagation ... 408
21.1.2.1 Asexual ... 408
21.1.2.2 Sexual ... 410
21.1.3 Coral Productivity ... 414
21.1.4 Coral Quality ... 416
21.1.5 Manipulating Coral Quality and Growth ... 418
21.1.5.1 Light ... 418
21.1.5.2 Nutrition ... 422
21.1.5.3 Water Flow ... 426
21.1.5.4 Others ... 427
21.1.6 Conclusions ... 428
References ... 429
21.2 Sea Anemones......437
Anna Scott
21.2.1 Introduction ... 437
21.2.2 Reproductive Modes of Sea Anemones ... 439
21.2.2.1 Sexual Reproductive Strategies ... 440
21.2.2.2 Asexual Reproductive Strategies ... 440
21.2.3 Culturing Host Sea Anemones ... 441
21.2.3.1 Captive Breeding using Sexual Reproduction ... 442
21.2.3.1.1 Spawning ... 442
21.2.3.1.2 Embryogenesis and Larval Rearing ... 444
21.2.3.1.3 Settlement and Metamorphosis ... 446
21.2.3.2 Captive Breeding using Asexual Reproduction ... 446
21.2.4 Conclusions ... 448
Acknowledgements ... 448
References ... 448
21.3 Jellyfish......457
Mike Schaadt, Chad L. Widmer and Nancy Sowinski
21.3.1 Introduction ... 457
21.3.2 Anatomy of Moon Jellyfish Medusae ... 458
21.3.3 Lifecycle of Moon Jellyfish ... 459
21.3.4 Environmental Requirements ... 461
21.3.5 Nutritional Requirements and Feeding ... 462
21.3.6 The Chain ofProduction ... 464
21.3.7 Jellyfish Acquisition ... 465
21.3.8 Transportation of Moon Jellies ... 467
21.3.9 Maintenance and Disease of Moon Jellies ... 468
21.3.10 Conclusions ... 470
Acknowledgements ... 471
References ... 471
22 Decapod Crustaceans......475
Ricardo Calado
References ... 476
22.1 Shrimp......477
Ricardo Calado, Junda Lin, Gilles Lecaillon and Andrew L. Rhyne
22.1.1 Introduction ... 477
22.1.2 Broodstock Maintenance and Maturation ... 480
22.1.3 Larviculture ... 484
22.1.4 Growout ... 487
22.1.5 Collection of Post-Larvae from the Wild ... 489
22.1.6 Conclusions ... 490
References ... 491
22.2 Other Marine Ornamental Decapods ... 496
Andrew L. Rhyne, Junda Lin and Ricardo Calado
22.2.1 Introduction ... 496
22.2.2 Marine Ornamental Porcelain Crabs ... 497
22.2.3 Marine Ornamental Hermit Crabs ... 498
22.2.4 Marine Ornamental Crabs ... 499
22.2.5 Marine Ornamental Lobsters ... 501
22.2.6 Conclusions ... 503
References ... 504
23 Molluscs......507
Ricardo Calado
23.1 Giant Clams......510
Miguel Mies, Marcello S. Scozzafave, Felipe Braga and Paulo Y.g. Sumida
23.1.1 Introduction ... 510
23.1.2 Collected and Traded Species ... 511
23.1.3 Habitat ... 514
23.1.4 Importance of Trade ... 514
23.1.5 Anatomy ... 515
23.1.6 Reproduction ... 517
23.1.7 Diseases ... 518
23.1.8 Ecological Aspects ... 520
23.1.8.1 Ontogeny ... 520
23.l.8.2 Feeding and Nutrition ... 522
23.1.8.3 Symbiosis ... 522
23.1.9 Aquaculture ... 523
23.1.9.1 Systems ... 523
23.1.9.2 Broodstock ... 525
23.1.9.3 Induced Spawning ... 525
23.1.9.4 Larval Rearing ... 526
23.1.9.5 Metamorphosis and Growout ... 527
23.1.10 Conclusions ... 528
Acknowledgements ... 529
References ... 529
23.2 Snails, Slugs and Cephalopods......536
Gisela Dionisio, Filipa Faleiro and Rui Rosa
23.2.1 Introduction ... 536
23.2.2 Sea Snails ... 540
23.2.2.l Broodstock ... 540
23.2.2.2 Embryonic and Larval Development ... 541
23.2.2.3 Juvenile Growout ... 543
23.2.3 Sea Slugs ... 544
23.2.3.1 Broodstock Husbandry ... 544
23.2.3.2 Embryonic and Larval Development ... 546
23.2.3.3 Juvenile Growout ... 548
23.2.4 Cephalopods ... 548
23.2.4.1 Broodstock Husbandry ... 549
23.2.4.2 Embryonic Development ... 550
23.2.4.3 Hatchling Rearing ... 551
23.2.4.4 Juvenile Growout ... 553
23.2.5 Conclusions ... 554
Acknowledgements · ... 554
References ... 554
24 Polychaetes......565
David R. Bybee and Joanna M. Murray
24.1 Introduction ... 565
24.2 Worms Sold in the Trade ... 567
24.3 An Introduction on Ornamental Polychaete Culture ... 567
24.4 Sexual Reproduction as a Method of Culture ... 568
24.4.1 Sexual Reproduction: Culture Status and Success ... 568
24.4.2 Sexual Reproduction: Culture Obstacles ... 570
24.4.3 Sexual Reproduction: The Future ... 570
24.5 Asexual Reproduction and Regeneration as Methods of Culture ... 571
24.5.1 Regeneration: Culture Methodology ... 572
24.5.2 Regeneration: Culture Status and Success ... 573
24.5.3 Regeneration: Culture Obstacles ... 574
24.5.4 Regeneration: The Future ... 574
24.6 Conclusions ... 575
Acknowledgements ... 576
References ... 576
25 Other Invertebrates and Macroalgae......581
Ricardo Calado and Martin Moe Jr.
25.1 Introduction ... 581
25.2 Sponges ... 582
25.3 Tunicates ... 583
25.4 Echinoderms ... 583
25.5 Macroalgae ... 589
25.6 Conclusions ... 590
References ... 591
Part V Other Issues in Marine Ornamental Species Aquaculture
26 Packing and Shipping......597
Joao P. Correia and Nuno V. Rodrigues
26.1 Introduction ... 597
26.2 Packing ... 598
26.2.1 Container Size and Shape ... 598
26.2.2 Water Parameters ... 599
26.2.2.1 Dissolved Oxygen ... 599
26.2.2.2 Temperature ... 600
26.2.2.3 pH and Ammonia ... 600
26.2.3 Filtration ... 600
26.2.4 Chemical Agents ... 601
26.2.5 Fasting ... 602
26.3 Shipping ... 602
26.3.1 Road, Air, Sea Transport ... 602
26.3.1.1 Road Transport ... 602
26.3.1.2 Air Transport ... 603
26.3.1.3 Sea Transport ... 604
26.3.2 Administrative Issues ... 605
26.3.2.1 CITES ... 605
26.3.2.2 Veterinarian Certificate ... 605
26.3.2.3 Certificate ofOrigin ... 605
26.3.2.4 Customs Documents ... 605
26.4 Conclusions ... 606
Acknowledgements ... 606
References ... 606
27 The Role of Public and Private Aquaria in the Culture and Conservation of Marine Ornamentals......609
Ricardo Calado
References ... 610
27.1 Public Aquaria......611
Michael F. Tlusty, Nuria Baylina, Andrew L. Rhyne, Chris Brown and Mark Smith
27.1.1 Introduction ... 611
27.1.2 Increasing the Sustainability of Animal Collections - the Overlap with the Ornamental Trade ... 612
27.1.3 Conservation -In Situ Fisheries Improvements and Ecosystem Preservation ... 613
27.1.4 Culture - Ex Situ Conservation and Improvements to Husbandry and Breeding ... 615
27.1.5 Creating a Comprehensive Collections Plan ... 619
27.1.6 Conclusions ... 620
References ... 620
27.2 Interaction Between Public and Private Aquaria......623
Judy St. Leger and gary Violetta
27.2.1 Introduction ... 623
27.2.2 Marine Fish in the Hobby Industry ... 624
27.2.3 Marine Fish in Public Aquaria ... 626
27.2.4 Opportunities Through Collaboration ... 627
27.2.5 Production Research ... 629
27.2.6 Technology Transfer and Communication ... 631
27.2.7 Opportunities and Challenges for Conservation ... 631
27.2.8 Conclusions ... 632
Acknowledgements ... 632
References ... 632
28 How Nano Tanks can Foster the Demand for Bred and Cultured Marine Ornamentals......635
Christiane Schmidt
28.1 Introduction ... 635
28.2 The Need ... 637
28.3 Where We are Now ... 638
28.4 Challenges ... 639
28.5 Solutions ... 641
28.6 Conclusions ... 645
Acknowledgements ... 645
References ... 645
Part VI Future Challenges and Concluding Remarks
Glossary ... 651
Appendix ... 655
Index ... 663