Japan made "Twenty-One Demands" to Yuan Shikai President of the Republic of China on January 18, 1915, which is an unreasonable and humiliating request for China, Japan is accused of doing bad things and inconveniencing it from all over the world It is said that.
However, seven into the Twenty-One Demands has shelved before the final concluding, withdrawing afterwards by Japan.
Regarding the remaining 14 Demands, Japan received a notice from the United States that there is no objection, and was received favorably also from the UK, Russia and France.
Furthermore, immediately after the conclusion of this treaty, Yuan Shikai did not try to keep promises at all, and it also used "Twenty-One Demands" as a material of anti-Japanese propaganda to a great extent.
In 1894, after losing the Sino-Japanese War, China worked on Germany, Russia and France to recover the Liaodong Peninsula in southernmost Manchuria, which was legitimately Japanese territory by Shimonoseki Treaty It was.
(Three countries interference)
With this interference, China succeeded in recovering the Liaodong peninsula once.
However, Jiaozhou Bay (Shanghai) and Qingdao (Qingdao) in the Shandong peninsula to Germany, Shandong Province Weihaihua (Ikayai) and Hong Kong Kowloon to the United Kingdom, Liaodong Peninsula (Liao Tong) Travel Order and Dalian to Russia, Guangzhou Bay I was borrowed by France.
Actually, the ROC government had a secret alliance with Russia on June 3 1896 in Moscow after the Sino-Japanese War.
(Treaty of Li Hongzhang and Alexey Lobanov-Rostovsky)
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Li-Lobanov Treaty, Sino-Russian Secret Treaty
Article 1 The parties to this contract shall mobilize all land naval forces against any attacks directed toward Russian territories in East Asia, China and Korea, and mutually help each other.
Article 2, no peace treaties with hostile third countries without approval of the other.
Article 3 To release all ports of China against Russian vessels while engaged in military action.
Article 4, Beijing agrees to build a railway to Vladivostok through Heilongjiang Province and Jilin Province.
The development rights of this railway construction and the railway area shall be given to the Russian Bank of China. This agreement is concluded between the Chinese Minister of State in Petersburg and the Russian Bank of China.
Article 5, Under wartime, Russia shall be free to use this railway for shipping and refueling the stage.
Even during peace, Russia shall have equal rights.
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This secret treaty between China and Russia continued to give Russia secret aid that would be a loss for Japan's interests after the war in Russo-Japanese War.
The confidential treaty between China and Russia never went public until the Washington Conference on Disarmament, which took place since 1921.
In 1901, Japan called for cooperation with Britain, the United States and Germany in order to prevent the southward movement of Russia, but neither country tried to cooperate with Japan.
Inevitably, Japan alone carried out a war with Russia (Russo-Japanese War), and acquired Manchuria.
China collaborated with the third power, tried to attack Japanese companies in Manchuria and to neutralize it.
When 1906 founded Nanzhuang Railroad Co., Ltd. the following year, China tried to neutralize Japanese companies by encouraging Britain to contract Fakemen railroad It is.
The following editorial was published in Time magazine in July of 1909.
"There is little doubt that one of the aims of China when dealing with the Manchuria problem is to cause friction between Japan and other strong powers.
By giving Britain a contract for the Fakumen Railway, China clearly wanted a close relationship between the UK and Japan.
However, China's expectations are out. The friendly alliance and friendship between the UK and Japan are too firmly rooted on the common interests of the two countries so it will not be seriously affected by such a transparent strategy. "When.
Group 1, to inherit the German interests of Shandong province by Japan.
During the First World War, Japan declared war on Germany at the request of the UK, which was an alliance with Germany, and declared war on Germany, and in 1914, the Gangzhou Bay (Shanghai) of the Shandong peninsula, Occupied Qingdao (Qingdao).
Japan had been requesting the German government to return this Jiaozhou Bay leasehold land to the Republic of China since the beginning of the war, but the Japanese army must occupy Qingdao until the peace treaty with Germany is concluded was.
Because Japan was fighting with Germany and it was necessary to continue military occupation of the Jiaozhou Bay leasehold which is the German overseas territory by the wartime international law.
However, the Republic of Korea requested withdrawal from the Japanese army Qingdao. Japan decided to negotiate directly with President Yuan Shikai of ROC.
Group 2, approval of Japan's privileges in South Manchuria and eastern Inner Mongolia.
After winning the Russo-Japanese War after Japan won the Russo-Japanese War, the Portsmouth treaty gained the lease of the South Manchurian Railway and the Liaodong Peninsula, but the loan deadline of the Liaodong Peninsula expired in 1923, the Manchurian Railroad was 1933 It will expire in the year.
Therefore I requested to extend this lease term to 99 years.
Why is it for 99 years? The Western powers such as Britain of that time had leaseholds in various parts of Mainland China, and the deadline was set as 99 years.
The deadline of 99 years of lease is the world standard of those days.
Also, although Japanese immigrants have emigrated around the railroads, disputes with local Chinese have occurred frequently, so it was necessary to negotiate between the two countries.
Group 3, gave Japan control of the Hanyeping mining and metallurgical complex in central China; it was deep in debt to Japan.
A discussion was also necessary for the ironworks bureau in the middle of the Yangtze River.
This steelworks was founded in 1898, initially carrying coal from Japan and making it iron.
Until the Shinkai Revolution occurred in 1911, Japan invested with a lot of funds. The investment amounted to 300 million yen from the Japanese Industrial Bank, 1 million yen from Mitsui & Co., and 10 million yen from the Yokohama Bank.
Thereafter, the total amount of loans was 35 million yen (of which 33 million yen was related to government).
However, due to Xinhai Revolution, this Hanyeping Company was taken over, destroyed, plundered and destroyed to the extent that business activities were impossible, and was about to be nationalized, so Japan tried to negotiate with Yuan Shikai.
Group 4, barred China from giving any further coastal or island concessions to foreign powers.
At that time, China had censoring and leasing major cities and harbors etc. to the Western powers.
It is because it succumbed to the pressure from Western powers, but Japan stabbed a nail to not do it.
The reason is that, from Japan, the coastline of China is very close, especially from Taiwan which was the Japanese territory, Fujian Province of China was very close distance.
It is because the land there was threatened to Japan if it was transferred to the Western powers.
This is not a request to provide China's territory to Japan, but a request not to offer China's territory easily to the Western powers.
It is not good to condemn Japan as this demand is a sovereign infringement on the Republic of China.
In this way, since the central and local governments of China have been actively interfering with Japan, religiously, on January 18, 1915, Japan will not issue a request to China It was a situation where I could not get it.
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Twenty-One Demands (14 Demands and 7 Demands)
Group 1 confirmed Japan's recent seizure of German ports and operations in Shandong Province, and expanded Japan's sphere of influence over the railways, coasts and major cities of the province.
Group 2 pertained to Japan's South Manchuria Railway Zone, extending the leasehold over the territory for 99 years, and expanding Japan's sphere of influence in southern Manchuria and eastern Inner Mongolia, to include rights of settlement and extraterritoriality, appointment of financial and administrative officials to the government and priority for Japanese investments in those areas. Japan demanded access to Inner Mongolia for raw materials, as a manufacturing site, and as a strategic buffer against Russian encroachment in Korea.
Group 3 gave Japan control of the Hanyeping mining and metallurgical complex in central China; it was deep in debt to Japan.
Group 4 barred China from giving any further coastal or island concessions to foreign powers.
Group 5 was the most aggressive. China was to hire Japanese advisors who could take effective control of China's finance and police. Japan would be empowered to build three major railways, and also Buddhist temples and schools. Japan would gain effective control of Fujian, opposite the island of Formosa (modern Taiwan).
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In the official white paper of the United States on diplomatic relations in 1915, it is described as follows.
It is said that the Washington government has informed the Japanese government that "as a result of examining all matters in detail, there are no objections to the 14 demands out of "Twenty One Demands".
This means that the United States has not had any objections to Japan's requests for Manchuria and Shandong.
Only the item concerning Group 5 (7 issues) was challenged by the United States.
In the first place, this issue Group 5 was withdrawn before the final agreement was made.
On 8th March British foreign minister Gray told Kato Foreign Minister as follows.
"I am very concerned about the progress of the political situation that should arise from the Japan-China problem.
Of course, it is a fact that Germany is intensely conspiring in China, of course it is a fact, not only is it trying to incite China to take measures against one hundred way to rebel Japan's demands,
If there is something to see conflict between Japan and China, it will be Germany's most familiar place.
When I receive a question about this issue, I am willing to support Japan's demand as much as possible and I want to fulfill alliance friendship relations. "
In addition, Ambassador to the UK Ambassador to Green said to Kato Foreign Minister, as follows.
"The attitude of the Chinese side is truly incomprehensible, Mr. Watariwa British attention is paying attention to the Beijing government so that the two countries will not see unfortunate conflicts, and he is also directly talking to President Yuan Shikai." When.
On the 26 th negotiation on April 26, the Japanese side submitted the final amendment. Although it compromised the Republic of China, the Republic of China has responded to the final amendment on May 1st.
The content is that the Japanese must comply with China police administration in Manchuria and the trial must also be heard at the Chinese court.
If the government of the Republic of China is ready to function as a state of law, this proposal would have been accepted as a particularly problematic one.
However, in those days China was sentenced to be flogged or under arbitrary arbitrary arrest and detention by the policeman in the field, arbitrarily arbitrarily arrested and restrained, and circumstances such as bribes and lynching are forced in prison was.
Since he is not a body of a very legal nation, he must give out a final notice, on May 3, the Japanese minister Eki Hioki struck the Foreign Minister Takaaki Kato.
Following this, the Japanese government held a day and night conference, invited Kaoru Inoue, Aritomo Yamagata, etc. to hold a former conference and discussed.
On May 5th night, Beijing government Governor Lee Sheng Sheng visited the Japanese Legal Department and told Secretary Shinichiro Funatsu as follows.
"The reason why negotiations have fallen into such a difficult situation is that the ROC government relied heavily on the U.K. and the U.S. to leak the negotiating contents to the outside and to gain the interference (sympathy).
As a result, the ROC government lost room for advance. If we do not make tougher the amendment, we will be hurt President Yuan Shikai 's pride and the dissidents will attack the ROC government.
If Japan is to show the final decision, the Republic of China must make a concession.
In other words, the Republic of the China government has requested that "Japan should issue a tough hardship notice".
On the other hand, if the Republic of China is unavoidably entitled to accept, it will preserve the members of Yusei Kai and calculate that the opposition party will no longer attack the ROC government, I asked for it.
Takeaki Kato's biography also said, "Chinese representatives informally requested that the Japanese government issue the final notice during negotiations".
The final notice implies the end of the negotiation by presenting the final request in the international negotiations in writing.
If it is not accepted by the partner country, it means not to diplomatic negotiations but to move to the stage of military ability exercise.
Yuan Shikai advertised that Japan was forced to give in to the demand as pressure was exerted against the backdrop of military strength, but I asked for the final message , It was the direction of Kanayu Kai.
Japan wrote a formal final message as requested by Yuan Shikai, but if he did not accept the request of 14 articles (not 21), he had no intention of taking a military action.
On May 6, Russian Ambassador Malevich told Takaaki Kato, Foreign Minister, the following statement.
"I fully understand that I believe that the next measure is a wise way, the Beijing government will certainly agree, Yuan Shikai is believed to be waiting for the final notice."
On May 7, the Japanese government issued its final notice to the world in response to the request.
On May 7, Britain 's foreign minister, Gray, told Ambassador Katsunosuke Inoue in English as follows.
"Although the Beijing government has strongly opposed the various items of item 5, it can be said that Japan's detachment from this negotiation is a major concession by the Japanese side.
"the Republic of China promptly accepted this and stated that it is a good idea to compromise the compromise of the station, as a recommendation to the Minister of Liberal Democratic Party."
Also on May 7, Britain 's Gray Foreign Minister reported to the British Jordan'
"As the last proposal in Japan is very generous, we promptly agree with this, so that it is more profitable to compromise, so as to informally give strong advice to the Republic of China."
French Foreign Minister Delcasse told Ambassador Kikuji Ishii the following statement.
"I will celebrate your success without worrying about the contents now."
On May 9, the Republic of China responded to accept that this final notice will be accepted.
In this way, Twenty-One Demands was received favorably by UK, France and Russia.
On May 9th, as "a day of insult," it was widely promoted not only to the Chinese people but also to the world.
On May 25th, the seventh article of group 5 that was issued as a request was shelved and finally the request of 14 articles from group 1 to group 4 was approved as "the Convention on Shandong Province" and " Treaty on Manchuria and East Inner Mongolia "and 13 exchange notes, was signed in Beijing.
On June 22, immediately after the conclusion of this conclusion, the Republic of China promulgated "Ruling Prison Regulation" by the Republic of China. This is a thing to death sentences that lend the land to the Japanese without a public trial.
From the beginning, Yuan Shikai did not try to protect "the two treaties and the 13 exchange notes" (Twenty-One Demands).
Sun Yat-sen said, "Twenty-One Demands are the drafts drafted by Yuan Shikai himself, is the requested strategy, it is the price that Yuan Shikai paid for Japan to be admitted to be an emperor."
This request is to clarify the legitimate right when Japan won Germany and the legitimate right of victory over Russia to the Republic of China, and the steel companies that Japan has invested so far I just requested legitimate rights.
And, from Japan, it was not a thing that we drove down the Yusei Ka to the "final notice" against the background of the military power, and accepted the request.
However, Yuan Shikai made the utmost use of the "Twenty-One Demands" as a material of anti - Japanese advertisement for domestic countries such as Germany and the United States and the domestic market.
Reference book
"The Truth of the Sino Continent (1931-1938)" by Kiyoshi Karl Kawakami
"Modern Japanese History Reading in the Convention" by Nobuyuki Fujioka
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