2.2 (5) Regulations
This unit actually takes up more than 50 pages in the TEST PREP, which shows how surprisingly important it is. I often heard both instructors and active pilots say, “Aviation law is essential.” As someone new to the field, I didn’t expect that, but after completing my training, I now understand that nothing can even begin without strict adherence to aviation regulations.
TEST PREP is a well-explained workbook, so it's sufficient for preparing for the written exam. However, once flight training begins, I was instructed to purchase a booklet called FAR/AIM for ground school. Depending on the examiner, you may be allowed to bring this book into the oral portion of the practical exam. When answering questions, you might need to briefly explain a topic and then point to where the details are covered in the book. If you don’t know the answer, the examiner may ask you to look it up, so it’s important to be able to quickly find the relevant section.
FAR stands for Federal Aviation Regulations, which can be understood as a collection of federal aviation rules. In the PHAK, a term like "14 CFR Part 91 Section 3" (Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 91, Section 3) is used instead.
The reason for using the term “14 CFR” instead of “FAR” is that “FAR” is also an acronym for the Federal Acquisition Regulations. Because of this overlap, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) encourages avoiding the use of the term “FAR” whenever possible.
The term “14 CFR” stands for “Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations.” It is called this because Title 14 of the CFR is a compilation of regulations related to “Aeronautics and Space.” These regulations are also available online: eCFR :: Home
When I was looking for a flight school, I often came across terms like “Part 141” and “Part 91.” These refer to specific parts of the Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs), namely 14 CFR Part 141 and Part 91. For example, when a school is described as a “Part 141 Pilot School,” it means the school operates under the requirements set forth in 14 CFR Part 141. On the other hand, if a school says it follows a “Part 61 syllabus,” it means the training is conducted in a more flexible manner, allowing instructors and students to adjust the order of the curriculum to some extent.
In the photo above, in addition to “FAR,” you can also see the word “AIM.” This stands for the Aeronautical Information Manual. While it’s not a legal document, the AIM is described in the PHAK (Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge) as the official guide for aviation personnel. It contains essential flight information, medical guidelines for pilots, ATC procedures, and more. Naturally, it’s also available online:
Aeronautical Information Manual - AIM (faa.gov)
The Pilot/Controller Glossary included at the end of the AIM is also very useful. You can find it online at the bottom of the URL mentioned above.
Another term that appears on the written exam is "NTSB," which stands for the National Transportation Safety Board—commonly referred to as the accident investigation board. And this organization is truly impressive. I had read in books that it has a scale and level of funding and personnel unlike any other in the world, but I truly felt its greatness during the investigation of the emergency water landing caused by a bird strike on January 15, 2009—what is now famously known as the “Miracle on the Hudson.”
I watched part of the hours-long public hearing on YouTube, and it was astonishing. Experts from every possible field were involved, investigating and analyzing in detail aspects such as the aircraft’s flight history, the engines, airframe damage, airspeed, electrical and hydraulic systems, weather, ATC communications, the evacuation of crew and passengers, training, checklists, bird strike behavior, biological sampling analysis, and even the wave patterns on the river. The thoroughness of the investigation and experimentation was remarkable.
Although NTSB recommendations do not carry legal force, I’ve heard that investigations and recommendations are made with the highest priority placed on preventing the recurrence of accidents, and that they influence corrective orders issued by the authorities. Unlike in Japan, the fact that no criminal liability is pursued unless criminal intent is found in an accident may also be a contributing factor.
In the written exam, you’ll be tested on a wide range of topics, including:
- The definition of “Night” (the basic definition for logbook purposes, the definition for lighting requirements, and the one applicable to recent night flight experience)
- What a Private Pilot can and cannot do (Privileges and Limitations)
- Pilot certifications (Category, Class, and Type)
- Types and validity periods of Medical Certificates (Class 1, 2, and 3)
- Documents required to be carried during flight
- Recent Flight Experience required to act as Pilot-in-Command (PIC) as a legal and current Private Pilot
- Definition of a High-Performance Airplane
- Responsibilities and authority of the Pilot-in-Command (PIC)
- Preflight Action (distinct from Preflight Inspection)
- Seatbelt requirements
- Alcohol and drug regulations
- Right-of-Way rules
- Parachute requirements
- Deviation from Air Traffic Control (ATC) instructions
- Minimum Safe Altitudes
- Basic VFR Weather Minimums
- Special VFR Weather Minimums
- VFR Cruising Altitudes
- Aircraft categorization (Category, Class, and Type)
- VFR Flight Plans
- Airspeed limits
- Airworthiness
- Maintenance and inspection requirements
- Airworthiness Directives (ADs), Advisory Circulars (ACs), and Notices to Airmen (NOTAMs)
- Accident reporting requirements
By the way, all of the points mentioned above are with Visual Flight Rules (VFR) in mind, so some of them may not apply when flying under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR). Before I went to the U.S., I didn’t know that VFR and IFR use different types of ATC, so I used to listen to big airport ATC on LiveATC and the recordings from the "Miracle on the Hudson" incident. None of that helped at all with my private pilot training.
But in life, nothing is ever truly wasted—so I’m sure even that experience will come in handy someday... Don’t worry about it!
The aviation regulations introduced in this unit are not only required for the written exam, but also for actual flights and the oral exam. So, if you learn them well now, things will be easier later on. That said, before the oral exam, you’ll review them again using ASA’s reference book (↓), and you’ll also have mock sessions with your instructor. So for now, I think it’s perfectly fine to focus on mastering the written exam first.
Next time, I would like to talk about operations within the airport area (Procedures and Airport Operations). (To be continued)














