・臭素系及び塩素系難燃剤には火災毒性があるが、火災安全性を改善する全体的な利益はまだ証明されていない。
臭素系及び塩素系難燃剤が燃えると、高い毒性のあるダイオキシンやフランが生成される。
したがって、これらのデータにより下記の正当性が支持される。
臭素系及び塩素系難燃剤は、残留性、生物蓄積性、長距離移動、及び有毒性を持つ。
サプライチェーン中の製品中及び各製品ライフサイクルを通じての臭素系及び塩素系難燃剤及び他の化学物質に関する情報の利用可能性とアクセスを改善する必要がある。
消費者は、例えば製品ラベリングを通じて、これらの物質の存在を知らされるなら、有害難燃剤の代替物質の採用にある役割を果たすことができる。
難燃剤の代替物質を特定するプロセスは、単に代替化学物質だけでなく、製品設計、製造プロセス、難燃剤の使用を必要としないその他の実施における革新的な変更も含むべきである。
現状の、及び代替の化学物質の難燃剤は、変異原性や発がん性、あるいは生殖系、発達系、内分泌系、免疫系、あるいは神経系への有害影響などの有害特性を持たないことを確実にするための努力がなされるべきである。
難燃剤のある用途のための例外使用を求める時には、その例外使用を求める団体はなぜそのような例外が技術的に又は科学的に必要なのか、及びなぜ潜在的な代替が技術的に又は科学的に実行可能ではないのかを示す情報；この化学物質の必要性をなくす潜在的な代替プロセス、製品、材料、又はシステムの記述；及び調査した出典のリストを提供すべきである。
残留性有機汚染物質（POP）の特性を持つ難燃剤を含む廃棄物や製品／成形品は、POP特性を再び持つことがないよう、POP含有物が破壊され又は非可逆的に転換されるような方法で処理されるべきである。
POP特性を持つ難燃剤は、回収、リサイクル、再生利用、直接再使用、又はその物質の代替使用をもたらすかもしれない処理の対象としては許可すべきではない。
POP特性を持つ難燃剤を含む廃棄物は、POP含有物が破壊され又は非可逆的に転換されるような方法で処理されるのでない限り、国際的な国境を越えて移動させるべきではない。
電気電子製品をを含んで、POP特性を持つ難燃剤を含む製品のライフサイクル管理において、製品スチュワードシップ及び拡大生産者責任の適用を検討することが重要である。
Supplemental Material
Sam Adu-Kumi, M.S., Deputy Director, Environmental Protection Agency, Accra, Ghana
Bjorn Albinson, Fire Protection Engineer (retired), Karlstad, Sweden
Henrik Alm, M.S., Doctoral Student, Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Toxicology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Misha Askren, M.D., F.A.A.F.P., Physician, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Pasadena, CA, USA
Ralph Baker, M.S., Ph.D., Chief Scientist, TerraTherm Inc., Fitchburg, MA, USA
John Balmes, M.D., Professor of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA, and Professor of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
Scott Bartell, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
Georg Becher, Ph.D., Department Director and Professor, Analytical Chemistry, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
David C. Bellinger, Ph.D., Professor, Harvard Medical School and Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
Stephen Bent, M.D., Associate Professor of Medicine, Psychiatry, Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
Ake Bergman, Ph.D., Professor, Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden, and Board Member, International Panel on Chemical Pollution, Zurich, Switzerland
Anders Bignert, Ph.D., Professor, Contaminant Research, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
Justina Bjorklund, M.S., Graduate Student, Applied Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Arlene Blum, Ph.D., Visiting Scholar, Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
Christian Bogdal, Ph.D., Researcher, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
Phil Brown, Ph.D., Professor, Sociology and Environmental Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
David Camann, M.S., Staff Scientist, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
Carmela Centeno, M.S., Ph.D., Industrial Development Officer, United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna, Austria
Ibrahim Chahoud, Ph.D., Professor of Reproductive Toxicology, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charite-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Eliza Chin, M.D., M.P.H., President, American Medical Women’s Association, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Brock Chittim, M.S., General Manager, Wellington Laboratories, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
Carsten Christophersen, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Bradley Clarke, Ph.D., Research Fellow, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
Theo Colborn, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
Kathleen Collins, Ph.D., Professor, Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
Terrence Collins, Ph.D., Teresa Heinz Professor of Green Chemistry and Director of the Institute for Green Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Adrian Covaci, Ph.D., Professor, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
Craig Criddle, Ph.D., Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
Margarita Curras-Collazo, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
Kyle D’Silva, Ph.D., Product Manager, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Dreieich, Germany
Devra Davis, M.A., Ph.D., M.P.H, Visiting Professor, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA, and Founder, Environmental Health Trust, Teton Village, WY, USA
Joao De Assuncao, M.S., Ph.D., Professor and Department Head, Environmental Health, University of Sao Paulo School of Public Health, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Cynthia A. de Wit, Ph.D., Professor, Applied Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Mike Denison, Ph.D., Professor of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
Miriam Diamond, Ph.D., Professor, Geography, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Joseph DiGangi, Ph.D., Senior Scientist and Technical Advisor, International POPs Elimination Network, Berkeley, CA, USA
Alin Dirtu, Ph.D., Researcher, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
Michelle Douskey, Ph.D., Lecturer, Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkley, CA, USA
Anne Ehrlich, Ph.D., Senior Research Scientist, Biology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
David Epel, Ph.D., Jane & Marshall Steel Jr. Professor Emeritus in Marine Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
Brenda Eskenazi, M.A., Ph.D., Jennifer and Brian Maxwell Professor of Maternal Health and Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
Tim Evans, Ph.D., Cancer Registration Information Manager, West Midlands Cancer Intelligence Unit, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Peter Fantke, Ph.D., Research Associate, Institute of Energy Economics and the Rational Use of Energy, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
Joseph Gardella Jr., Ph.D., Professor and Larkin Chair of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
Philip Germansderfer, D.Sc., International Marketing Sales, Fluid Managment Systems, Watertown, MA, USA
Gillian Gibson, M.Sc., Environmental Scientist, Gibson Consulting and Training, Cheshire, United Kingdom
Andreas Gies, Ph.D., Director and Professor, Department for Environmental Hygiene, Federal Environment Agency, Berlin, Germany
Robert Gould, M.D., President, San Francisco Bay Area Chapter of Physicians for Social Responsibility, Berkeley, CA, USA
Konstanze Grote, Ph.D., Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charite University Medical School Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Rui Guo, Ministry of Environment, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Jana Hajslova, Ph.D., Head of Department of Food Analysis, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
Ralph Hall, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, VA, USA Bruce Hammock, Ph.D., Professor, Entomology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
Tran Thi Tuyet Hanh, M.P.H., Lecturer in Environmental Health, Hanoi School of Public Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
Kim Harley, Ph.D., Associate Director, Center for Children’s Environmental Health Research, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
Stuart Harrad, Ph.D., Professor, Environmental Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Robert Harrison, M.D., M.P.H., Clinical Professor, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
Line Smastuen Haug, Doctoral Student, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
Yasuhiro Hirai, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Environment Preservation Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan 平井康宏 准教授 京都大学 環境保全センター
Ivan Holoubek, Ph.D., Director and Professor, Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Brno, Czech Republic
Ron Hoogenboom, Ph.D., Toxicologist, RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, the Netherlands, and Board Member, International Panel on Chemical Pollution, Zurich, Switzerland
David Hope, CEO, Pacific Rim Laboratories, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada
William J. Hirzy, Ph.D., Chemist in Residence, American University, Washington, DC, USA
Heinrich Huehnerfuss, Ph.D., Professor, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
Alastair Iles, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
Tomohiko Isobe, Ph.D., Senior Research Fellow, Ehime University, Matsuyama City, Japan 磯部友彦 愛媛大学 /上級研究員センター
Kristina Jakobsson, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Sarah Janssen, M.D., Ph.D., M.P.H., Senior Scientist, Natural Resources Defense Council, New York City, NY, USA
Niklas Johansson, Scientist, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Catherine Karr, M.D., Ph.D., M.S., Assistant Professor and Director, Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit, Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Donald Kennedy, Ph.D., Bing Professor of Environmental Science, Emeritus, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA, and Editor Emeritus, Science
Sergio Kuriyama, Ph.D., Guest Scientist, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National School of Public Health, Fiocruz, Brazil
James Leckie, M.S., Ph.D., C.L. Peck, Class of 1906 Professor of Engineering and Director, Center for Sustainable Development and Global Competitiveness, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
Pamela Lein, Ph.D., Professor, Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
Juliana Leonel, Ph.D., Postdoctoral Researcher, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
Mark Levine, Ph.D., Leader, China Energy Group, and Former Director, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
Donald Lucas, Ph.D., Deputy Director, Environment, Health, and Safety Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
Richard Luthy, Ph.D., Silas H. Palmer Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
Karl Mair, D.Sc., Senior Scientist, Eco Research SRL, Bolzano, Italy
Govindan Malarvannan, Ph.D., Research Fellow, Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama City, Japan 愛媛大学
John Meeker, M.S., Sc.D., Assistant Professor, Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Richard Meigs, P.E., Senior Principal Engineer, RJR Engineering, Ventura, CA, USA
Mark Miller, M.D., M.P.H., Director, Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit, and Assistant Clinical Professor, Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
Paolo Mocarelli, M.D., Professor and Director, Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy
Rachel Morello-Frosch, M.P.H., Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
Jochen Mueller, Ph.D., Professor, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
Tom Muir, M.S., Retired, Environment Canada, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
Martin Mulvihill, Ph.D., Associate Director for Education and Outreach, Center for Green Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
Anbu Munasamy, M.S., Ph.D., National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology?Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Thiruvananthapuran, Kerala, India
Richard Murphy, Ph.D., Director of Science and Education, Jean-Michel Cousteau Ocean Futures Society, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
Takeshi Nakano, Ph.D., Research Professor, Center for Advanced Science and Innovation, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan 中野 武 特任教授 大阪大学先端科学イノベーションセンター
Shoji Nakayama, M.D., Ph.D., National Research Council Associate, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
Amgalan Natsagdorj, Ph.D., Department Head, Environmental Chemistry, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
William Nazaroff, Ph.D., Daniel Tellep Distinguished Professor and Vice Chair for Academic Affairs, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
John Neuberger, Dr.Ph., M.P.H., M.B.A., Professor, Preventative Medicine and Public Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
Jessica Norrgran, Doctoral Student, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Fardin Oliaei, Ph.D., M.P.A., Consultant, Cambridge EnviroScience Consulting, LLC, Cambridge, MA, USA
Kees Olie, Ph.D., Associate Professor, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Olaf Paepke, Ph.D., Eurofins, Hamburg, Germany
Victoria Persky, M.D., Professor, University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health, Chicago, IL, USA
Agneta Rannug, Ph.D., Professor, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Ulf Rannug, Ph.D., Professor, Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Eric Reiner, Ph.D., Senior Research Scientist, Ontario Ministry of Environment, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Martin Reinhard, Ph.D., Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
Karen Rice, M.D., Physician, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Walnut Creek Kaiser, Walnut Creek, CA, USA
Robert H. Rice, Ph.D., Professor of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
Anthony Roach, Ph.D., Senior Research Scientist, Government of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
David Roberts, Ph.D., William R. Kenan, Jr. Professor of Astrophysics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
Mary Roberts, Ph.D., Professor, Chemistry, Boston College, Boston, MA, USA
Christina Ruden, Ph.D., Professor, Philosophy and the History of Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
Cindy Lee Russell, M.D., Vice President of Community Health, Santa Clara County Medical Association, San Jose, CA, USA
Kenneth Sauer, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
Arnold Schecter, M.D., M.P.H., Professor, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Dallas, TX, USA
Martin Scheringer, D.Sc., Senior Scientist, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, and Board Member, International Panel on Chemical Pollution, Zurich, Switzerland
Ted Schettler, M.D., M.P.H., Science Director, Science and Environmental Health Network, Ames, IA, USA
Karl-Werner Schramm, Ph.D., Professor and Chair, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
Megan Schwarzman, M.D., M.P.H., Research Scientist, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA, and Associate Physician, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
Susan D. Shaw, Dr.PH., Director, Marine Environmental Research Institute, Blue Hill, ME, USA
Heather Stapleton, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
Kristina Sundqvist, Ph.D., Project Assistant, Chemistry, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
Patrice Sutton, M.P.H., Research Scientist, Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
Shanna Swan, Ph.D., Professor and Associate Chair for Research, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Director, Center for Reproductive Epidemiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA
Takumi Takasuga, Ph.D., Director, Shimadzu Techno-Research Inc., Kyoto, Japan 島津テクノリサーチ
Chris Talsness, D.V.M., Working Group Leader in Reproductive Toxicology, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Cathrine Thomsen, Ph.D., Senior Scientist, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
Gregg Tomy, Ph.D., Adjunct Assistant Professor, Fisheries and Oceans, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Joao Paulo Machado Torres, Sc.D., Associate Professor, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
James Trosko, Ph.D., Professor, Pediatrics and Human Development, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
Mary Turyk, Ph.D., M.P.H., Research Assistant Professor, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
Gunther Umlauf, Ph.D., European Commission Joint Research Center, Ispra, Italy
Bryan Vining, Ph.D., Analytical Perspectives, Wilmington, NC, USA
Qiuquan Wang, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
Yawei Wang, Ph.D., Research Center for Eco Environmental Science, Beijing, China
Julie Shu-Li Wang, Ph.D., Investigator, National Health Research Institute, Taipei, Taiwan
Rosemary Waring, Ph.D., Honorary Reader, Human Toxicology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Thomas F. Webster, D.Sc., Associate Professor and Associate Chair, Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
Charles Weschler, Ph.D., Adjunct Professor, UMDNJ?Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA, and Continuing Visiting Professor, International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
Stevie Wilding, Chemist, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 3, Philadelphia, PA, USA Duane Wilding, M.E., Senior Engineer, Maryland Environmental Service, Millersville, MD, USA
Gayle Windham, Ph.D., Researcher, Breast Cancer and the Environment Research Centers, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
Tracey Woodruff, Ph.D., M.P.H., Associate Professor and Director, Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
Jae-Ho Yang, M.D., M.P.H., Professor, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, Korea
Tom Young, M.P.P., Ph.D., Professor, Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
Bin Zhao, Doctoral Student, Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
R. Thomas Zoeller, M.A., Ph.D., Professor, Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
Ami Zota, Sc.D., Postdoctoral Scholar, Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, University of California, San Francisco, Oakland, CA, USA