whoの報告書の目次です。今1.1.1.が終わった所です。
長すぎるね～(・´д)(д｀・)ﾈｰ
1 要約および更なる研究のための勧告 ............................................. 1
1.1 要約 ..................................................................................... 1
1.1.1 発生源、測定およびばく露 ............................................ 1
1.1.2 身体内部の電界および磁界 ........................... 3
1.1.4 神経行動............................................................................... 4
1.1.5 神経内分泌系 ..................................................................... 6
1.1.6 神経変性疾患 ....................................................................... 7
1.1.7 心臓血管系疾患 .............................................................. 7
1.1.8 免疫学および血液学 .................................................... 8
1.1.9 生殖および発育 ................................................................ 8
1.1.10 がん ........................................................................................... 9
1.1.11 健康リスク評価 10
1.1.12 防護措置 ................................................................................. 12
1.2 研究のための勧告 ................................................................ 13
1.2.1 発生源、測定、およびばく露 .................................. 14
1.2.2 ドシメトリ ................................................................................. 14
1.2.3 生物物理学的メカニズム 15
1.2.4 神経行動... 16
1.2.5 神経内分泌系 ... 16
1.2.6 神経変性疾患 ...... 16
1.2.7 心臓血管系疾患 .......17
1.2.8 免疫学および血液学 .... 17
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1.2.9 生殖および発育 17
1.2.10 がん ............. 17
1.2.11 防護措置 18
2 発生源、測定およびばく露 ..... 21
2.1 電界および磁界 ...... 21
2.1.1 界の概念........ 21
2.1.2 物理量および単位 ...... 22
2.1.3 偏波 ......... 22
2.1.4 時間変動、高調波および過渡現象 .. 23
2.1.5 界に対する乱れ、遮蔽 ..24
2.2 交流界の発生源 .... 25
2.2.1 電界 ........... 25
2.2.1.1 自然に存在する界 ........ 25
2.2.1.2 人工的な界 ......... 26
2.2.1.2.1 架空電力線 ........... 26
2.2.1.2.2 屋内配線および電気製品 .......... 27
2.2.1.2.3 地中ケーブルと変電所 ........ 27
2.2.1.2.4 電気事業 ............... 28
2.2.2 磁界 ............................... 28
2.2.2.1 自然に存在する界 ... 28
2.2.2.2 人工的な界 ....... 30
2.2.2.2.1 送電線 ............ 30
2.2.2.2.2 地中ケーブル .......... 33
2.2.2.2.3 配電線 .......34
2.2.2.2.4 電気機器、製品、装置 .... 38
2.2.2.2.5 配電用変電所と変圧器 42
2.2.2.2.6 輸送 ......43
2.2.2.2.7 暖房 44
2.2.2.2.8 様々なELF 界発生源（商用周波数以外） .... 45
2.2.2.2.9 電気事業における職業ばく露 ......................................................................................... 45
2.2.2.2.10 その他の職業ばく露発生源 ........................................................................................... 46
2.2.2.2.11 アークおよびスポット溶接 ........................................................................................... 48
2.2.2.2.12 誘導炉 ........................................................................................................................... 48
2.2.2.2.13 誘導加熱式調理器具 ...................................................................................................... 49
2.2.2.2.14 セキュリティおよびアクセス管理システム .................................................................. 50
2.2.2.2.15 ミシン ........................................................................................................................... 51
2.3 ばく露評価 ............................................................................................................................ 52
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2.3.1 概論 ............................................................................................................................... 52
2.3.2 住宅での磁界へのばく露評価：測定を行なわない方法 ................................................. 53
2.3.2.1 距離 ...................................................................................................................................... 53
2.3.2.2 ワイヤコード ......................................................................................................................... 53
2.3.2.3 過去の界の計算 ..................................................................................................................... 55
2.3.3 測定による居住環境の磁界ばく露評価 .......................................................................... 57
2.3.3.1 家庭内でのスポット測定 ....................................................................................................... 57
2.3.3.2 家庭内での長期測定 .............................................................................................................. 57
2.3.3.3 個人ばく露モニタリング ....................................................................................................... 60
2.3.4 電気製品からの磁界へのばく露評価 .............................................................................. 63
2.3.5 学校でのばく露評価 ....................................................................................................... 63
2.3.6 職場以外の磁界へのばく露評価：検討 .......................................................................... 64
2.3.7 職場での磁界ばく露評価 ............................................................................................... 65
2.3.8 電界ばく露評価 .............................................................................................................. 67
2.3.9 ばく露評価：結論 .......................................................................................................... 68
3 身体内の電界および磁界 ........................................................................................................ 70
3.1 序 ......................................................................................................................................... 70
3.2 ヒトおよび動物の身体モデル ............................................................................................... 71
3.3 電界のドシメトリ測定 .......................................................................................................... 72
3.3.1 基本的な相互作用メカニズム ........................................................................................ 72
3.3.2 測定値 ............................................................................................................................ 73
3.3.3 計算値 ............................................................................................................................ 74
3.3.4 計算値と測定値との比較 ............................................................................................... 79
3.4 磁界ドシメトリ ..................................................................................................................... 81
3.4.1 基本的な相互作用メカニズム ........................................................................................ 81
3.4.2 計算－一様な界 .............................................................................................................. 81
3.4.3 計算－一様でない界 ....................................................................................................... 85
3.4.4 計算－研究室間での比較およびモデルの影響 ............................................................... 86
3.5 接触電流............................................................................................................................... 87
3.6 様々なばく露の比較 .............................................................................................................. 88
3.7 微視的ドシメトリ ................................................................................................................. 89
3.8 結論 ...................................................................................................................................... 91
4 生物物理学的メカニズム ........................................................................................................ 92
4.1 序 ......................................................................................................................................... 92
4.2 妥当性の概念 ........................................................................................................................ 92
4.3 確率論的影響、閾値および量－反応関係 ............................................................................. 94
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4.4 誘導電流及び電界 ................................................................................................................. 95
4.4.1 電磁界に誘導された電流 ............................................................................................... 95
4.4.2 ノイズとの比較 .............................................................................................................. 95
4.4.3 有髄神経線維の刺激閾値 ............................................................................................... 96
4.4.4 神経網とシグナル検出 ................................................................................................... 97
4.4.5 過渡現象......................................................................................................................... 98
4.4.6 誘導電流の熱作用 .......................................................................................................... 98
4.4.7 誘導電流に関する要約 ................................................................................................... 98
4.5 電磁界によるその他の直接的影響 ........................................................................................ 99
4.5.1 電離および結合の切断 ................................................................................................... 99
4.5.2 荷電粒子に対する力 ..................................................................................................... 100
4.5.3 磁性粒子に対する力 ..................................................................................................... 100
4.5.4 フリーラジカル ............................................................................................................ 101
4.5.5 狭帯域幅による影響 ..................................................................................................... 103
4.5.5.1 サイクロトロン共鳴 ............................................................................................................ 103
4.5.5.2 ラーモア歳差運動 ................................................................................................................ 103
4.5.5.3 量子機械的な共鳴現象 ......................................................................................................... 104
4.5.6 確率共鳴....................................................................................................................... 104
4.6 電磁界による間接的影響 .................................................................................................... 104
4.6.1 表面電荷とマイクロショック ...................................................................................... 104
4.6.2 接触電流....................................................................................................................... 104
4.6.3 宇宙線の偏向 ............................................................................................................... 106
4.6.4 浮遊汚染物質への影響 ................................................................................................. 106
4.6.4.1 コロナイオンの生成 ............................................................................................................ 106
4.6.4.2 汚染物質粒子の吸入 ............................................................................................................ 107
4.6.4.3 電力線下での沈着 ................................................................................................................ 108
4.6.4.4 健康に対する意味合い ......................................................................................................... 109
4.7 結論 .................................................................................................................................... 109
5 神経行動 .............................................................................................................................. 112
5.1 電気生理学的な検討 ............................................................................................................. 112
5.2 ボランティア研究 ................................................................................................................ 114
5.2.1 表面電荷........................................................................................................................ 115
5.2.2 神経刺激........................................................................................................................ 117
5.2.3 網膜機能........................................................................................................................ 118
5.2.4 脳電気活性 .................................................................................................................... 119
5.2.5 睡眠 .............................................................................................................................. 125
5.2.6 認知影響....................................................................................................................... 126
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5.2.7 過敏症 .......................................................................................................................... 131
5.2.8 気分と覚醒 ................................................................................................................... 136
5.3 疫学研究.............................................................................................................................. 138
5.3.1 うつ病 .......................................................................................................................... 138
5.3.2 自殺 .............................................................................................................................. 139
5.4 動物研究.............................................................................................................................. 141
5.4.1 認知と電磁界の検知 ..................................................................................................... 141
5.4.2 覚醒と嫌悪 ................................................................................................................... 143
5.4.3 脳の電気的活性 ............................................................................................................ 146
5.4.4 神経伝達物質の機能 ..................................................................................................... 147
5.4.5 認知機能....................................................................................................................... 151
5.5 結論 .................................................................................................................................... 154
6 神経内分泌系 ....................................................................................................................... 156
6.1 ボランティア研究 ............................................................................................................... 156
6.1.1 松果体ホルモン：メラトニン ...................................................................................... 156
6.1.1.1 実験室研究 ........................................................................................................................... 156
6.1.1.2 居住環境および職業的研究 .................................................................................................. 157
6.1.2 脳下垂体およびその他のホルモン ............................................................................... 164
6.2 動物研究.............................................................................................................................. 166
6.2.1 メラトニン ................................................................................................................... 166
6.2.1.1 実験用齧歯類 ....................................................................................................................... 166
6.2.1.2 季節的に育種する動物 ......................................................................................................... 171
6.2.1.3 ヒト以外の霊長類 ................................................................................................................ 173
6.2.2 脳下垂体およびその他のホルモン ............................................................................... 174
6.2.2.1 脳下垂体－副腎性の影響 ..................................................................................................... 174
6.2.2.2 他の内分泌系の研究 ............................................................................................................ 175
6.3 IN VITRO 研究 ....................................................................................................................... 177
6.3.1 In vitro でのメラトニン生成に及ぼす影響 ................................................................... 177
6.3.2 In vitro でのメラトニンの作用に及ぼす影響 ............................................................... 178
6.4 結論 .................................................................................................................................... 181
7 神経変性疾患 ....................................................................................................................... 183
7.1 アルツハイマー病 ............................................................................................................... 184
7.1.1 病理学 .......................................................................................................................... 184
7.1.2 疫学 .............................................................................................................................. 185
7.2 筋萎縮性側索硬化症 ............................................................................................................ 192
7.2.1 病理学 .......................................................................................................................... 192
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7.2.2 疫学 .............................................................................................................................. 192
7.3 パーキンソン病、多発性硬化症 .......................................................................................... 198
7.3.1 病理学 .......................................................................................................................... 198
7.3.2 疫学 .............................................................................................................................. 198
7.4 考察 .................................................................................................................................... 199
7.5 結論 .................................................................................................................................... 202
8 心臓血管系疾患 .................................................................................................................... 203
8.1 急性影響.............................................................................................................................. 203
8.1.1 心電図の変化、心拍数、心拍変動 ............................................................................... 203
8.1.2 血圧 .............................................................................................................................. 206
8.2 長期的影響 .......................................................................................................................... 207
8.3 考察 .................................................................................................................................... 214
8.3.1 心拍変動仮説 ............................................................................................................... 214
8.3.2 疫学的証拠 ................................................................................................................... 215
8.4 結論 .................................................................................................................................... 215
9 免疫系および血液学 ............................................................................................................. 216
9.1 免疫系 ................................................................................................................................ 216
9.1.1 ヒト研究....................................................................................................................... 216
9.1.2 動物研究....................................................................................................................... 219
9.1.3 細胞研究....................................................................................................................... 226
9.2 血液系 ................................................................................................................................ 227
9.2.1 ヒト研究....................................................................................................................... 228
9.2.2 動物研究....................................................................................................................... 229
9.2.3 細胞研究....................................................................................................................... 231
9.3 結論 .................................................................................................................................... 232
10 生殖および発育 ................................................................................................................ 234
10.1 疫学研究 ............................................................................................................................ 234
10.1.1 母親のばく露 ............................................................................................................. 234
10.1.1.1 画像表示端末 ..................................................................................................................... 234
10.1.1.2 電気加温式ベッド .............................................................................................................. 234
10.1.1.3 その他の居住環境ばく露および職業的ばく露 .................................................................... 238
10.1.2 父親のばく露 ............................................................................................................. 240
10.2 実験用哺乳類への影響 ...................................................................................................... 241
10.2.1 電界 ............................................................................................................................ 241
10.2.2 磁界 ............................................................................................................................ 242
10.2.2.1 出生前の発育への影響 ....................................................................................................... 242
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10.2.2.2 ........................................................................................................................................... 242
10.2.2.3 複数世代の研究 .................................................................................................................. 244
10.2.2.4 哺乳類の胚へのin vitro の影響 ......................................................................................... 245
10.2.2.5 父親のばく露の影響 .......................................................................................................... 245
10.3 哺乳類以外の種への影響................................................................................................... 246
10.3.1 鳥類の胚 ..................................................................................................................... 246
10.3.1.1 発育 .................................................................................................................................. 246
10.3.1.2 既知の催奇形物質との相互作用 ......................................................................................... 247
10.3.2 その他の哺乳類以外の種 ............................................................................................ 247
10.4 結論 .................................................................................................................................. 248
11 がん ................................................................................................................................. 249
11.1 IARC の評価（2002）：要約 .............................................................................................. 250
11.2 疫学研究 ............................................................................................................................ 256
11.2.1 小児白血病 ................................................................................................................. 256
11.2.1.1 疫学 .................................................................................................................................. 256
11.2.1.1.1 発症率 ......................................................................................................................... 256
11.2.1.1.2 病因論 ......................................................................................................................... 258
11.2.1.2 傾向と生態学的相関関係 .................................................................................................... 259
11.2.1.2.1 ばく露における傾向 .................................................................................................... 259
11.2.1.2.2 発症率における傾向 .................................................................................................... 260
11.2.1.2.3 発症率とばく露における傾向の比較 ........................................................................... 260
11.2.1.3 新しいデータ ..................................................................................................................... 261
11.2.1.4 疫学的証拠の評価：考えられる説明 .................................................................................. 262
11.2.1.4.1 ランダム誤差 .............................................................................................................. 263
11.2.1.4.2 系統誤差 ..................................................................................................................... 263
11.2.1.4.3 推定因子としての磁界 ................................................................................................ 267
11.2.2 成人のがん ................................................................................................................. 269
11.2.2.1 乳がん ............................................................................................................................... 269
11.2.2.1.1 居住環境ばく露 ........................................................................................................... 269
11.2.2.1.2 職業ばく露 .................................................................................................................. 280
11.2.2.2 白血病および脳腫瘍 ........................................................................................................... 284
11.2.2.2.1 居住環境ばく露 ........................................................................................................... 284
11.2.2.2.2 職業ばく露 .................................................................................................................. 286
11.2.2.3 その他のがん ..................................................................................................................... 299
11.2.2.3.1 居住環境ばく露 ........................................................................................................... 299
11.2.2.3.2 職業ばく露 .................................................................................................................. 300
11.2.3 疫学：結論 ................................................................................................................. 301
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11.3 実験動物における発がん ................................................................................................... 302
11.3.1 齧歯類の生物学的検定 ............................................................................................... 302
11.3.1.1 大規模な生涯研究 .............................................................................................................. 302
11.3.1.2 白血病／リンパ腫 .............................................................................................................. 303
11.3.1.3 脳腫瘍 ............................................................................................................................... 304
11.3.2 電磁界ばく露と発がん性物質の組合せ ...................................................................... 306
11.3.2.1 肝臓の前腫瘍性病変 ........................................................................................................... 306
11.3.2.2 白血病／リンパ腫 .............................................................................................................. 306
11.3.2.3 乳腺腫瘍 ............................................................................................................................ 307
11.3.2.4 皮膚腫瘍 ............................................................................................................................ 308
11.3.2.5 脳腫瘍 ............................................................................................................................... 310
11.3.3 移植した腫瘍 .............................................................................................................. 315
11.3.4 動物における遺伝毒性 ............................................................................................... 315
11.3.5 遺伝毒性以外の研究 ................................................................................................... 316
11.3.6 動物研究：結論 .......................................................................................................... 316
11.4 IN VITRO での発がん研究 ................................................................................................... 317
11.4.1 遺伝毒性作用 .............................................................................................................. 318
11.4.1.1 ELF 磁界単独での遺伝毒性作用 ......................................................................................... 318
11.4.1.2 複合的な遺伝毒性作用 ....................................................................................................... 319
11.4.2 がん遺伝子およびがん関連遺伝子の発現 ................................................................... 327
11.4.3 分化、増殖、アポトーシス ........................................................................................ 332
11.4.4 ギャップジャンクション依存性細胞間情報伝達 ........................................................ 337
11.4.5 フリーラジカル .......................................................................................................... 341
11.4.6 In vitro の結論 ............................................................................................................ 344
11.5 全体的な結論 ..................................................................................................................... 344
12 健康リスク評価 ................................................................................................................ 345
12.1 序 ..................................................................................................................................... 345
12.2 ハザードの同定 ................................................................................................................. 346
12.2.1 生物学的影響と健康への悪影響 ................................................................................. 346
12.2.2 急性影響 ..................................................................................................................... 346
12.2.3 慢性影響 ..................................................................................................................... 346
12.3 ばく露評価 ........................................................................................................................ 347
12.3.1 居住環境ばく露 .......................................................................................................... 347
12.3.2 職業ばく露 ................................................................................................................. 347
12.4 ばく露－反応評価 ............................................................................................................. 348
12.4.1 閾値のレベル ............................................................................................................. 348
12.4.2 疫学的方法 ................................................................................................................. 348
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12.5 リスクの特徴付け ............................................................................................................. 349
12.5.1 急性影響 ..................................................................................................................... 349
12.5.2 慢性影響 ..................................................................................................................... 349
12.5.3 リスクの特徴付けにおける不確実性 .......................................................................... 350
12.5.3.1 生物物理学的メカニズム ................................................................................................... 350
12.5.3.2 ばく露指標 ......................................................................................................................... 350
12.5.3.3 疫学 .................................................................................................................................. 351
12.6 結論 .................................................................................................................................. 351
13 防護措置 ........................................................................................................................... 352
13.1 序 ..................................................................................................................................... 352
13.2 健康政策における一般的な問題 ........................................................................................ 352
13.2.1 環境健康リスクへの対処 ............................................................................................ 352
13.2.2 健康政策に影響する要因 ............................................................................................ 354
13.3 科学的情報 ........................................................................................................................ 355
13.3.1 放射基準およびばく露基準 ........................................................................................ 356
13.3.2 リスクの概観 ............................................................................................................. 356
13.4 プレコーションに基づく政策アプローチ ......................................................................... 357
13.4.1 既存のプレコーション的ELF 政策 ........................................................................... 357
13.4.2 費用と実現可能性 ...................................................................................................... 361
13.5 考察および勧告 ................................................................................................................. 362
13.5.1 勧告 ...................