ニュースで学ぶ「現代英語」 10代のインスタグラム利用 一部制限へ
10月8日(火)
Social media is something a lot of you are familiar with and that’s what we’re discussing today. Let’s pick up a few new words and phrases.
META INTRODUCES NEW TEEN PRIVACY CONTROLS FOR INSTAGRAM
U.S. tech giant Meta Platforms has unveiled a set of enhanced privacy controls to protect teenage users on Instagram. The company announced a new “Teen Accounts” designation on Tuesday. The feature automatically places built-in protections on accounts belonging to users under the age of 18. Meta says these users will now only be able to receive messages from accounts they follow or are already connected to. They will also get notifications telling them to close the app after 60 minutes each day. And an anti-bullying feature filters out offensive words and phrases. Users under 16 will not be able to opt out of these restrictions without permission from their parents. The changes come as social media firms face increasing pressure to better protect children from bullying, sexual extortion, and other dangers on their platforms.
（2024年9月19日のニュース）
l extortionは「強要、ゆすり」
Well, I think the privacy controls are necessary for children those under 16 years old.
Social media can be wonderful, but dangerous too. I’m also happy to see steps being taken against bullying.
The changes come as social media firms face increasing pressure to better protect children.
The changes come
as social media firms face increasing pressure
to better protect children.
--
★platform
ＳＮＳの各種アプリやサイトのことをplatform
That’s right. At the start of today’s news, the giant American company’s name also included platforms, didn’t it?
●platformの基本的な意味は、何かが上に立つ、大きくて「平らな台」
Let’s see. Other than train platforms there are also stages, which are performance platforms for show or speeches.
The speaker stood on a platform in front of the audience. 「教壇」や「舞台」
I saw a woman in pink platform shoes standing on Platform 3. 「厚底の靴」
launch platform「発射台」
oil platform「石油プラットフォーム」
platformは「土台」=> 何かがその上に立つ「基盤（を成すもの）」
policy platform「政策綱領」
He campaigned on a platform of lower taxes.
social media platform
It used to refer to the foundational parts of operating system. OS or Hardware in computer terminology but now it’s used more broadly to include search engines, video conferencing system, cloud services and more.
The actress uses her platform to challenge long-held stereotypes about Japanese women. <「自分の意見を発表できる手段」もplatform
ニュースで学ぶ「現代英語」 レバノンで携帯通信機の爆発相次ぐ
10月7日(月)
LEBANON ROCKED BY SECOND DAY OF EXPLODING DEVICES
People in Lebanon have been caught up in a second day of deadly attacks using mobile devices laced with explosives. Investigators are trying to determine who did it, and where the products came from. Portable devices including walkie-talkies detonated on Wednesday. Authorities say 25 people were killed. And on Tuesday, hundreds of pagers exploded, killing 12. In total, the attacks injured more than 3,000. Lebanon-based Shia Muslim group Hezbollah blames Israel and hinted at a retaliatory attack. But Israel is yet to comment. The two sides have been exchanging cross-border fire for months. People in Israel have been forced to evacuate from the border area with Lebanon due to fighting. On Wednesday, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said they'll be able to return safely to their homes. But the exploding devices in Lebanon are raising fears of an escalation.
（2024年9月19日のニュース）
l be caught up (in) …は「～にとらわれる、（自分が意図しない事態などに）巻き込まれる」
l lace「（薬物、毒を）少量加える」や「（何かに）～を組み合わせる」
mobile devices「携帯機器」にexplosive「爆発物」を仕込むこと
l be yet to …は「まだ～していない」= has yet to …
l
I really hope that this issue can be settled without more loss.
People in Lebanon have been caught up in a second day of deadly attacks using mobile devices.
People in Lebanon have been caught up
in a second day of deadly attacks
using mobile devices.
People in Lebanon have been caught up in a second day of deadly attacks using mobile devices laced with explosives.
★「時制の一致」を
Harris said … will …、She said … will …、She added … will …
She said she will fight for America's future.
She said she would fight for America's future.
●「現在でも当てはまること」ならば、時制を一致させなくてもいい
従属節の動詞（… she will/would fight）について、その内容がいつのことなのかをよく考える
●主節の動詞が過去形のときは、それに時制を一致させて、従属節の動詞も過去形する。 ●例外として、「現在でも当てはまること」ならば、時制を一致させなくてもいい。 ●迷った場合は、フレーズ（節）ごとに、その内容が過去・現在・未来のどれなのかを考えて、それに素直に合わせる。
My teacher once told me I will success in learning something new if I just keep practicing. So keep going everyone and don’t give up.
ニュースで学ぶ「現代英語」 イグ・ノーベル賞 18年連続日本人が受賞
10月4日(金)
JAPAN-U.S. TEAM NETS IG NOBEL FOR BUTT BREATHING STUDY
A new crop of Ig Nobel Prize winners was announced Thursday. Not to be confused with the Nobel Prize, the Ig Nobel salutes the science that makes us laugh and think. This year, a Japanese team is being honored after discovering some mammals can breathe through their behinds. Takebe Takanori and his team took home this year's physiology award.
(Takebe Takanori / Professor, Tokyo Medical and Dental University / Osaka University) “First and foremost, thank you so much for believing the potential of anus for breathing potential.”
They realized loaches use intestinal breathing to survive low-oxygen environments and wondered if mammals could do the same. They experimented on lab mice and pigs that struggled to use their lungs and administered an oxygen-rich liquid through the anus. They found the pigs' oxygen levels briefly improved. Takebe and his team published their research in 2021, during the coronavirus pandemic. They believe it could be used to treat respiratory failure as an alternative to ventilators.
（2024年9月13日のニュース）
l lungs[lʌŋz]
l A new crop of Ig Nobel Prize winners
cropは「作物、収穫高、群れ」
a crop of …は「～の群れ、大量の～、続出する～、次々と現れる～」
「～の新しい一群」今年のイグ・ノーベル賞の新しい顔ぶれが発表される様子
l Ig Nobel Prize「イグ・ノーベル賞」
l saluteは「挨拶する、敬礼する」です。ここでは比喩的に「敬意を表する、たたえる」
l breathe through their behinds
behindは口語で「お尻」
l physiologyは「生理学」で、physiology awardは「生理学賞」
l first and foremostは、「真っ先に、何よりもまず」
anusは「肛門」形容詞形はanal「肛門の」
anus
[ˈeɪnəs]
l loaches use intestinal breathing ドジョウが腸呼吸を
loach
[lōCH]
l administerは「（薬などを）投与する、塗布する」
l respiratoryは「呼吸の」で、respiratory failureは「呼吸不全」
l ventilatorは、医学用語で「人工呼吸器」
face-to-face event「対面でのイベント」
noble｢高貴な、気高い｣
ignoble「卑しい、粗悪な」
Backside, rear, bottom, and cheeks.
They're all other ways to say a key word from today's story: “butt.”
-How did you get it? Which one is the key?
-cheeks
-I thought so.
There are so many more other variations, too, and they all have slightly different connotations. But it's good to be familiar with some of them because they come up a lot in TV shows and movies.
Can you tell us about an interesting research project form past Ig Nobel?
-Okay, I remember in 2011, a group of Japanese researchers won the chemistry award for developing a wasabi alarm system using their research results. They discovered the appropriate concentration of wasabi in the air to wake up sleeping people in the event of a fire or other emergency. Instead of using the sound of an alarm, they system wakes people up with the pungent smell of wasabi. This could be helpful for people with hearing disability.
-Interesting. That study may have won an Ig Nobel, but I’d say it has a very noble goal.
-
Every time we talk about the Ig Nobels on this program, it makes me feel like I need to get off my rear and start researching the things I'm curious about — even if they might make some people laugh!
"Get off my rear" is a colloquial expression that means "stop being lazy" or "start taking action". It's a more informal and playful way to say "get moving" or "get up and do something".
ニュースで学ぶ「現代英語」 奄美大島のマングース根絶宣言
10月3日(木)
ボキャJAPAN DECLARES AMAMI-OSHIMA ISLAND MONGOOSE-FREE
Japan's Environment Ministry has declared that mongooses have been eradicated from Amami-Oshima Island in the southwestern prefecture of Kagoshima. Amami-Oshima is registered as a UNESCO Natural World Heritage site. The non-native mammal was introduced onto the island in 1979 to reduce the population of a highly venomous snake. But the mongooses preyed on other animals as well, including rare native species like the protected Amami rabbit. And their numbers swelled to about 10,000 at one point. In 2005, the ministry designated the creature as an alien species harmful to the ecosystem and launched a project to eradicate them. Experts met on Tuesday to assess the project's progress. Officials reported that over 570 motion sensor cameras installed on the island had captured no images of mongooses at all. They concluded that the predator has likely been eliminated.
（2024年9月4日のニュース）
l eradicateは「根絶する、撲滅する」
l venomousは「毒性のある、有毒な」
l prey on …は「～を捕食する」
l mongoose
l predator「捕食者」「（人の弱みにつけこんで）利用する者、食い物にする
l buster「壊す者、撲滅する者」
Japan's Environment Ministry has declared that mongooses have been eradicated from Amami-Oshima Island
Interestingly, the root of the word eradicate is, well, the Latin word for “root.” That's what the “radi” part in the middle means. The “e” at the beginning means “out,” so “eradicate” means to pull something “out” by the “roots” — in other words, to “destroy or end something completely.” Some other words with the same root include “radish” and “radical.”
onto/on the island
There are some situations where you can use “on” or “in” for an island, but in most cases, English speakers say “on the island” because we think of an island as a physical “surface” of land on the water. That's also why we often use “on” for things like streets and floors of a building, both of which are “surfaces” that we're on top of. But if you're talking about an island as a “political space” or a territory by its actual name, not just as a physical surface, “in” is almost always the right choice. Here are two example sentences.
Mango and papaya trees grow on the island.
The U.S. dollar is the currency in Guam.
We definitely have to learn from our mistakes and do better moving forward.
ニュースで学ぶ「現代英語」 パレスチナ 国連総会の席格上げ
10月2日(水)
PALESTINE TAKES SEAT AMONG MEMBER STATES AT UN
A Palestinian envoy has long attended the United Nations General Assembly as an observer. But now, for the first time, they've gained a place among member nations to represent the State of Palestine. Riyad Mansour took his seat after the change was announced at the 79th session on Tuesday. The General Assembly adopted new rights for Palestine in May. However, the U.S. vetoed a resolution in the Security Council recommending full membership. That means Palestine remains an observer and cannot vote at the UN. Still, Mansour told NHK he welcomes what progress has been made.
(Riyad Mansour / Palestinian Permanent Observer to UN) “It is a big deal. It is, you know, getting us closer and closer to our natural and legal right to become a member state in the United Nations.”
Meanwhile, the Israeli delegation says Palestine does not deserve the upgraded rights. It notes the Palestinian delegation has not denounced mass killing and kidnapping of Israelis by Hamas militants last October.
（2024年9月11日のニュース）
PALESTINE
[ˈpæləˌstaɪn]
vetoed
[ˈvitoʊd]
l envoyは「使者、使節、（国を代表する）公使」
l Palestinianは「パレスチナの」=> ambassador「大使」
l grant (an) observer status to …と「～（非加盟国など）にオブザーバー資格を与える」
l State of Palestine「ステート・オブ・パレスチナ」は「パレスチナ国家」
l take one's seatは「自分の席に座る」
l vetoは「拒否権」「拒否する、拒否権を行使する、（行為などを）禁止する」exercise a/one's veto
l deserveは「（～に）値する、ふさわしい」
l denounceは「（公に）非難する」
envoy「（政府が特定の案件で派遣する）特命使節」
ambassador「大使」
delegation「代表団」
big deal「大事なこと、大変な（重要な）こと」
deserve「受けるに値する、～にふさわしい」
big deal
We also use the phrase “big deal” in an ironic, sarcastic way sometimes. This can be a little confusing if you're not familiar with it.
If another person says something that they think is really impressive or important, you can say “Big deal!” to show that you don't think it's impressive.
Here is an example.
A: “I made myself lunch today. Check it out: a ham-and-cheese sandwich!”
B: “Big deal! A little kid could do that.”
Well, that is a great example of active learning, which is a wonderful way to enrich your studies. Keep it up everyone!
ニュースで学ぶ「現代英語」 囲碁の一力遼九段 国際大会で優勝
10月1日(火)
Today, we’re bringing you news about a popular board game that has a large fan base here in Japan.
JAPANESE GO PLAYER WINS MAJOR INTERNATIONAL TOURNAMENT
A Japanese player of the strategic board game “go” has claimed the Ing Cup world championship. The go association of Japan says it's the first time one of its players has won a major international tournament in 19 years. Japan's Ichiriki Ryo faced China's Xie Ke on Sunday in Shanghai. The Ing Cup tournament is held every four years. Ichiriki raced to an early 2-0 lead and overcame some challenges near the end to sweep the best-of-five showdown. The go association in Japan, the Nihon Ki-in, said this is the first time a Japanese player has won the Ing Cup. Ichiriki is one of Japan's best go players. He has won three major domestic titles.
(Ichiriki Ryo / Japanese Go player) “I am relieved and really happy to have won the championship after a long fight. In the middle of today's match, it felt like I didn't have a chance to win. But I was determined not to give up until the end.”
（2024年9月9日のニュース）
l the Ing Cup「応氏杯（世界選手権）」は、４年に１度開催される囲碁の国際大会
l claimは「獲得する、自分のものにする」
l 2-0 => two to zero
l the best-of-five showdown
l sweepは「（ほうきなどで）掃く、（ちりやほこりを）払う」や「一掃する」ここでは「圧倒的な強さで勝つ、（試合を）全勝する」
l best-of-fiveは「五番勝負で（３勝した方が勝ちの）」5試合中3試合に勝てばよい
l showdownは「対決、頂上決戦、最終戦」
l determinedは「決心している、覚悟している」
-> was determined + not to
In the middle of today's match, it felt like I didn't have a chance to win.
In the middle of today's match,
it felt like I didn't have a chance
to win.
In the middle of today's match, it felt like I didn't have a chance to win. But I was determined not to give up until the end.
--
日本の英字新聞などでの典型的なスタイルでは、 ●現代人の人名であれば英語風に「名前→名字」の順に表記し、明治維新より前の人物については「名字→名前」の順に表記します。
In this program as well, we usually refer to him as Otani Shohei.
That’s right. For example, in the news clip, the city of Los Angeles declared Shohei Otani day, didn’t they?
ニュースで学ぶ「現代英語」 米エミー賞に「SHOGUN 将軍」
9月30日(月)
'SHOGUN' WINS RECORD 18 EMMYS, INCLUDING BEST DRAMA
It was a record showing for the TV series “Shogun” at the Emmy Awards in the U.S. The samurai drama set in Japan collected 18 Emmys, including the prize for best drama.
Shogun's tally at the ceremony on Sunday was the most ever for a TV series in a single season. Its 10 episodes depict a power struggle in feudal Japan, and the majority of the dialogue is in Japanese.
Sanada Hiroyuki won the award for his lead role. He was also a producer of the series. He thanked all those who've passed down the tradition of the samurai drama.
The other major awards for Shogun included directing and lead actress for a drama series.
（2024年9月16日のニュース）
showingは「出来栄え、結果、成績」
strong showing「躍進」やpoor showing「不振」 record showingは「記録的な結果」
collectは「集める」ですが、ここでは、=> win「獲得する」
tallyは「数や量の記録、集計」
take a tally of …「～の数（量）の記録を取る」
->collectしたエミー賞の「集計」、つまり１８（という受賞数）
samurai drama => period drama/ historical drama *drama
the most everは「今までで最も多いもの・数、史上最多、過去最多」
in feudal Japan 封建時代
->feudal systemなら「封建制度」、feudal lordなら「封建領主、封建大名」
feudal
[ˈfjudəl]
I’ve been hearing about how amazing this series is for months now. Especially when I was in the US. I don’t usually watch Samurai dramas but after watching the trailers, I want to give it a try.
--
The drama's tally at the ceremony on Sunday was the most ever for a TV series in a single season.
The drama's tally at the ceremony on Sunday
was the most ever for a TV series
in a single season.
The drama's tally at the ceremony on Sunday was the most ever for a TV series in a single season. Its 10 episodes depict a power struggle in feudal Japan.
--
Shogun's tally at the ceremony on Sunday was the most ever for a TV series in a single season.
●tallyとは、何かを合計した数がどんどん変化していく場合に（過去の数字を含んで）合計した数
Yes, it’s often used to mean the latest total or count based on previous calculations and it is continuously updated as new information is obtained.
-> tally>> total
This means they won 10 awards in just one day.
The drama’s cumulative total of awards, including those won at the ceremony on Sunday, was the most ever for a TV series in a single season.
Let’s say at a restaurant, the tally at the time you ordered a pizza is 500 Yen. If you then order a gratin for 600 Yen, the total amount at that point or the new tally would be 1,100 Yen.
Oh, thank you to everyone who shared with us.
It’s great to see everyone learning in so many different ways. I wonder if any of these methods have been helpful to other listeners. I’m happy everyone is doing their best.
９月２３日～２７日のラインナップ
９月２３日 「旧優生保護法は”違憲”」 （７月２３日の再放送）
９月２４日 「２０億年前の地層から微生物」（８月６日の再放送）
９月２５日 「首里城再建 正殿で瓦ぶき始まる」（８月２日の再放送）
９月２６日 「全日空と日本航空 “カスハラ”対策」 （７月１９日の再放送）
９月２７日 「“仕事より余暇を優先” 過去最高６５％に」（８月９日の再放送）
ニュースで学ぶ「現代英語」“仕事より余暇を優先” 過去最高65％に
8月9日(金)
SURVEY POINTS TO SHIFTING VIEWS ABOUT WORK AND PLAY
“All work and no play makes Japan a dull place.” Now, hang on — or so suggests a new survey. Nearly two-thirds of respondents value their free time more than their jobs. The figure is a record high. The non-profit Japan Productivity Center conducted the annual poll on about 3,300 people. More than a third say they find purpose in leisure rather than their job. And over 30 percent say they try to wrap up their work in good time to have fun elsewhere. Only about 12 percent place more value on work than leisure. Comparable data started in 2009. And the latest results point to a growing awareness about work-life balance. One official involved in the poll says the coronavirus pandemic and rise in remote working probably saw people reassess how they want to live. The survey also asked people how they spend their free time. Almost half say they travel in Japan.
（2024年7月22日のニュース）
----
“All work and no play makes Japan a dull place.”
This is a pretty confusing start to the story, isn't it?
The first sentence is actually a reference to an old proverb.
- All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
- seeここでは主語がcoronavirus pandemic and rise in remote working ->現象->「～（主語）が起こったことによって人々は～した」
- All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.「勉強ばかりで遊ばないと子どもは駄目になる（よく学びよく遊べ）」
- in good time「早めに、十分に余裕を持って」「時間どおりに、順調に」
- work-life balance「ワーク・ライフ・バランス、仕事と生活の調和」
Now, hang on — or so suggests a new survey.
-> And as you might have noticed, "so suggests a new survey" is an example of sentence inversion. It's a common pattern with the word "so" like so do I.
"so suggests a new survey" => A new survey suggests too.
- leisure
In English, “leisure” can actually mean lots of things: free time itself, the freedom of not having to work, and the things you can do in your free time.
If you use “leisure” by itself, then, it can be hard to get your intended meaning across. That's why we often add another word after “leisure,” like “leisure time” and “leisure activities.”
- in good time 時間に余裕を持って
When I do my homework, I always turn off my phone so that I can finish in good time.
Let's take a moment here to try making a sentence with "in good time."
Okay, how about we use these words,
arrive, station and in good time?
-You should arrive at the station in good time because the shinkansen is very punctual.
-Very good. I have nothing to say about this sentence. It's perfect. Very good!
So, could you translate that into Japanese?
---
I'll be the first to admit that I work too much. But I wouldn't say that's a negative. When I do get some leisure time, I like to veg out as we say, doing virtually nothing instead of going out and engaging in some kind of activity.
-What do you like tot do when you are not working?
-Well, it is a challenging question. Horsecars, there is no clear distinction beating work. Unleisure.
veg out
なにもしない
- to relax in an inert passive way
-> make good time
A similar phrase is “make good time,” which people mostly use when they're talking about getting somewhere earlier than they'd normally expect. It's a shorter, more casual way to say “arrive in good time.”
For example, you might say, “We left before the roads got busy in the morning, so we made good time.”
ニュースで学ぶ「現代英語」 全日空と日本航空 “カスハラ”対策
9月26日(木)
ニュースで学ぶ「現代英語」 全日空と日本航空 “カスハラ”対策 7月19日(金)
ANA, JAL SET POLICIES TO COMBAT PASSENGER HARASSMENT
All Nippon Airways and Japan Airlines have jointly released new guidelines to combat harassment and abuse by passengers. They've categorized nine types of unacceptable behavior in order to protect employees.
(Miyashita Yoshiko / All Nippon Airways)
“In some cases, employees face extreme stress and then take long medical leave or even quit.”
(Kamitsuji Rika / Japan Airlines)
“Some customers have demanded employees kneel down and apologize. In other cases, these passengers occupy staff for long periods.”
Japan's two biggest airlines released the guidelines on Friday. The nine categories of customer harassment include physical assault, verbal abuse, and unreasonable demands.
The carriers say such behavior violates the human rights of staff members and prevents them from doing their job. ANA and JAL officials said they will strictly respond to reports of harassment, including informing the police.
The companies together received around 600 reports of harassment by customers last fiscal year.
（2024年6月28日のニュース）
---
- kneelもしくはkneel down「ひざまずく」
drop to one's knees、bend the knee - kneel down-> bow deeply until the forehead touches the floor「床に額がつくまで深く頭を下げる」
an extreme form of apology in Japanese culture - prostrate oneself「ひれ伏す」
harassment「迷惑行為、嫌がらせ、ハラスメント」
sexual harassment「セクシャルハラスメント、セクハラ」
workplace bullying「職場でのいじめ、パワハラ」
academic bullying「教育機関におけるいじめ、アカハラ」
discrimination against pregnant women マタハラ
pressuring … to drink against their will「（お酒を飲むよう強要する）アルコールハラスメント、アルハラ」
Do you say customer harrasment in English?
-I've never heard that particular phrase, No. If you say customer harassment, it's possible to tell if the customer is the one doing the harassment or the one suffering the harassment.
New guidelines to combat harassment and abuse by passengers.
verbalとabuse
An example of harassment in today's story was “verbal abuse.” Both of these words are pretty interesting.
Now, you might recognize “verbal” for its root part: “verb.”
It comes from an old Latin word meaning “word.”
Whenever you come across the verb part in English, just remember that it probably has something to do with words.
Some examples are proverb, adverb, verbose 言葉数の多い, 冗長な and verbatim 言葉どおりに .
Some examples of words containing “verb” are “proverb,” “adverb,” “verbose,” and “verbatim.”
And then there’s “abuse,” which means “using or treating something badly or in the wrong way.” When we use the word as a noun, the pronunciation is “abuse.” As a verb, though, we pronounce it as “abuse” with a “z” sound.
---
medical leave「医療休暇」
leave「（勤務先、軍隊、学校などが許可した）休暇」
“In some cases, employees face extreme stress and then take long medical leave or even quit.”
leave: Well, you could say,
take +
maternity leave
parental leave
paid leave
---
Do you have カスハラ in the US?
-Of course. I've seen so many examples of customers acing entitled and trying very obviously to put themselves above workers in the US. Who knows why. Maybe it's a self-centered culture, maybe it's a competitive desire, but whatever it is, it feels like it's getting worth these days.
I'm one of the big fans of this program. Finally, Gogaku-app has started. I'm so happy to know that we can check on each news sentence with reading given by Tom and Christy. That's very helpful to practice. I'll keep listening with joy.
---ニュースで学ぶ「現代英語」 旧優生保護法は“違憲”
9月23日(月)
ニュースで学ぶ「現代英語」 旧優生保護法は“違憲”
7月23日(火)
Today let's look at something that are changing, changes in the suprime court as well as how English changes over time.
---
JAPAN SUPREME COURT: DEFUNCT EUGENICS LAW 'UNCONSTITUTIONAL'
Japan's top court has ruled the country's now-defunct Eugenic Protection Law was unconstitutional. The post-World War II law forced people with certain disabilities to undergo surgical sterilization. Now the government has been ordered to compensate some of those affected. People forced to undergo the procedures had filed lawsuits across Japan. They claimed they were subject to discrimination in violation of Japan's Constitution and were seeking damages. On Wednesday, Chief Justice Tokura Saburo said there was no legitimate reason for the sterilizations. He said the treatment violated people's constitutional rights to be treated equal under the law and respected as individuals. Japan's Eugenic Protection Law took effect in 1948 to combat a postwar surge in births. It was abolished in 1996 amid growing criticism both domestically and internationally. By then, about 25,000 people had been sterilized.
（2024年7月3日のニュース）
- 旧優生保護法（now-defunct Eugenic Protection Law）
- now-defunct「旧～、現存しない、今はなき～」
- surgical sterilizationは「外科手術的に不妊にすること」->「不妊手術」
sterilization 不妊にすること
[ˌstɛrələˈzeɪʃən] - be subject to 「～を受ける、～にさらされる」
discriminationは「差別」 - abolishは「（法律や制度を）撤廃する、無効にする」
He said the treatment violated people's constitutional rights to be treated equal under the law.
He said the treatment violated
people's constitutional rights
to be treated equal under the law.
---
★英語の簡単な歴史
西ゲルマン系言語（West Germanic languages）
では、English「英語」とは、もともとどんな意味なのでしょうか？
海を越えて移住してきたゲルマン系諸民族はアングロ・サクソン人（Anglo-Saxons）ですが、「アングロ」の部分である「アングル人の土地」という意味のAngle Landがなまって、England（イングランド）という単語になったと言われています。
この古い時代の英語は、
・Old English「古英語」
これが１０６６年の
・the Norman Conquest「ノルマン征服」
court constituton government
・Middle English「中英語」 と呼ばれています。（１２世紀～１５世紀）
そして１５世紀から１７世紀ごろにかけて、
・the Great Vowel Shift「大母音推移」
１６世紀ごろからの英語は、
・Modern English「近代英語」
I feel like English is always changing and rapidly. For example, popular expressions meaning cool or かっこいい are constantly changing. In the 1930s people used the word swell. In the 1960s you would say groovy or far out. In the 1980s it was gnarly or awesome. Nowadays, young people say, lit or fire. 10 years ago I never heard someone tell me your outfit is fire, but now that's a nice compliment.
----
ニュースで学ぶ「現代英語」 20億年前の地層から微生物
8月6日(火)
SCIENTISTS: MICROBES IN 2 BIL. YEAR-OLD ROCK MAY BE ALIVE
A team of researchers from the University of Tokyo say they appear to have found living microbes in geological strata dating back 2 billion years. If confirmed, they could be the oldest living microbes ever found on Earth. They were found in an area in South Africa called the Bushveld, known as one of the world's largest deposits of chrome, platinum, and other rare metals. A Japanese team, working as part of an international drilling project, took the sample at a depth of 500 meters. Associate Professor Suzuki Yohey says microscopic observation at a lab back in Japan found a large number of microbes in the rocks. He says detailed analysis found the presence of cells with DNA and protein which can only be generated by living things. He says this evidence strongly suggests the microbes are still alive. Suzuki's team plans to conduct a genome analysis to determine how old their microbes really are and what they can tell us about how life evolved on our planet.
（2024年7月19日のニュース）
----
- microbeは「微生物」
geological strataは「地層」です。
geologicalは「地質学の、地質に関する」という形容詞で、
strataはstratum「層」の複数形 - 「データ」datum（単数）とdata（複数）も、単数形と複数形が同じパターンで変化する名詞
- depositは「何かが堆積しているもの」-> 地学では「鉱脈、埋蔵地、鉱床」
depositは「貯金、預金、保証金（デポジット）」としてよく使われます。 - chromeは「クロム」、platinumは「白金、プラチナ」
rare metalは「レアメタル」文字どおりには「希少な金属」 - at a depth of 500 meters.
- which can only be generated by living things
- genome「ゲノム」は、染色体上の遺伝子が持つ情報
- protein
[ˈproʊˌtin]
That's amazing. This could be a key to unlocking hidden knowledge about life. I'm looking forward to finind out more about what they discover.
---
They were found in an area in South Africa called the Bushveld, known as one of the world's largest deposits of rare metals.
They were found
in an area in South Africa called the Bushveld,
known as one of the world's largest deposits of rare metals.
---
★関係代名詞のthatとwhich
・重要な情報を加えるときにはthatを使う。カンマは付けない。
・補足の情報を加えるときにはカンマ（に続けて）whichを使う。
They were found in an area in South Africa called the Bushveld, which is known as one of the world's largest deposits of rare metals.
-> the Bushveld that is known as one of the world's largest deposits of rare metals
英語ニュースでは、essential「不可欠な、重要な」情報に対してはthatを使い、そうではない情報に対してはカンマ＋whichを使うことが目安となっています。
一方、イギリス英語ではwhichが好まれます。
He says detailed analysis found the presence of cells with DNA and protein which can only be generated by living things.
国際英語という観点からは、thatを使っておけば無難だろうということになります。重要情報についてthatを使うかwhichを使うか迷う場合には、thatを使うことをお勧めします。
It's really amazing that today's news clip, which is mainly science-based is also great for studying English. I hope everyone likes the very topics that we discussed. I know I do.
---
Today, we learn that you don't really know how convenient technology is untill it's suddenly gone.
----ニュースで学ぶ「現代英語」 首里城再建 正殿で瓦ぶき始まる
9月25日(水)
ニュースで学ぶ「現代英語」 首里城再建 正殿で瓦ぶき始まる
8月2日(金)
首里城再建 正殿で瓦ぶき始まる
RED TILE RESTORATION BEGINS AT OKINAWA'S SHURI CASTLE
Restoration work has begun in Okinawa to place tiles on the roof of the main hall at Shuri Castle. The building in the southern Japanese prefecture was destroyed by fire in 2019 and is now being rebuilt.
The site is surrounded by scaffolding and a temporary roof to protect it from wind and rain. The frame of the structure was completed last December.
In May, a ceremony to pray for safety during the reconstruction was held after part of the roof was finished. Craftspeople have now started laying tiles.
They're made from mudstone and red clay sourced from the prefecture.
(Hachiman Noboru / Okinawa Prefecture Red Roof Tiles Cooperative Association)
“People in the prefecture have special feelings about Shuri Castle. The craftspeople are full of passion for placing each tile. We're all working together to rebuild the castle quickly.”
The reconstruction of the main hall is scheduled to be completed by autumn of 2026.
（2024年7月15日のニュース）
- and is now being rebuilt.
->restoration / estoreを使って、… is now being restored - scaffoldingは「（建築の）足場」で、数えられない名詞
scaffold こちらは数えられる名詞 / scaffoldには「処刑台、絞首台」 - hold a ceremonyは「式典を執り行う、催す」
-> a ceremony was held - craftsman
<> 男女どちらにも使えるcraftspeople（単数形としてはcraftsperson）
[ˈkræftˌspipəl]
「報道官」ならspokesman/spokeswomanに代えてspokesperson、
「議員」ならassemblyman / assemblywomanに代えてassembly member、
policeman / policewomanに代えてpolice officer、
businessman / businesswomanに代えてbusinessperson（複数形としてはbusinesspeople） - person 単数 <> people 複数
- craftsperson/ craftspeople
- layは「（平らな場所に）置く、敷く」
-> lay brickなら「レンガを積む」、lay carpetなら「カーペットを敷く」 - and red clay sourced from the prefecture.
source : 「源、出どころ」名詞
「（材料などを）調達する」動詞
source A from Bは「ＡをＢから調達する」
- Restoration work has begun in Okinawa to place tiles on the roof of the main hall at Shuri Castle.
restorationは「復元、修復、回復」です。動詞形はrestore「元の状態・場所に戻す、復元する、修復する」
- In May, a ceremony to pray for safety during the reconstruction was held after part of the roof was finished.
reconstruction「再建」 - We're all working together to rebuild the castle quickly.”
rebuild「再建する」
---
restoration「修復、復元」
reconstruction「再建」
rebuild「再建する」
craftspeople（craftspersonの複数形）「職人」
chairperson「議長」
spokesperson「報道官」
assembly member｢議員｣
shed light on …「～に光を当てる」
---
Most listeners probably know “source” as a noun. But since the 1970s or so, people have used it as a verb to mean “obtain from a specific place.” It's really common these days, especially in business and often used in the passive voice like this: “All of our coffee beans are sourced from sustainable farms.”
---
トムさんが首里城の歴史を英語で説明
Tom, Could you explain Shuri Castle in English?
-Sure. I'll give it a try.
Shuri Castle was the palace of the Ryukyu Kingdom, which formed in the 15the century/ 1429. It represented the heart of the kingdom's government, diplomacy, and culture.
The castle has actually been destroyed by fire five times: three times during the Ryukyu Kingdom era, later in the Battle of Okinawa, and, most recently, in 2019.
Shuri Castle is now a World Heritage site, having received the designation in the year 2000.
was designated as...
receive the desingation
---
首里城について
Daimon: Tom, have you ever been to Shuri Castle?
Tom: Of course! I lived in Okinawa for a year right out of college, and I visited the castle a few times.
-How about you?
-Yeah, I actually I love Okinawa. I visited there so many times. And for Shuri Castle, I went twoice. It was by school trip. Once in junior when I was in junior high. And the second time when I was in high school. I loved there.
-Good memories.
Daimon: I went there long before the fire in 2019. The castle itself was magnificent, and standing there made me imagine what it was like when the Ryukyu Kingdom flourished through sea trade.
Tom: Shuri Castle is definitely a sight to behold. It's always hard to see something so spectacular go up in flames so fast.
Daimon: Indeed. Local authorities are putting a lot of effort into the restoration project, and they also emphasize showing the restoration process, which is very unique.
Tom: Showing the restoration process? What do you mean?
Daimon: For example, there are guided tours where you can listen to explanations about the history and culture of the Ryukyu Kingdom and see the progress of the Shuri Castle's restoration firsthand.
Tom: Oh, well, that adds a cool dimension to the experience.
History isn't something that just sits in the past, right? It's alive, and it's something we play active roles in.
Daimon: I agree. When we talk about news from Okinawa, it's usually about problems related to U.S. bases or the tragic history of war. But I would also like to shed light on positive news stories like the one we looked at today.
Tom: I'm with you on that. To me, Okinawans are such a resilient people, always working hard to sustain their culture and identity no matter what they struggle through. It's inspiring, and today's story really brought that feeling home.
---
ニュースで学ぶ「現代英語」 全日空と日本航空 “カスハラ”対策 7月19日(金)
ANA, JAL SET POLICIES TO COMBAT PASSENGER HARASSMENT
All Nippon Airways and Japan Airlines have jointly released new guidelines to combat harassment and abuse by passengers. They've categorized nine types of unacceptable behavior in order to protect employees.
(Miyashita Yoshiko / All Nippon Airways)
“In some cases, employees face extreme stress and then take long medical leave or even quit.”
(Kamitsuji Rika / Japan Airlines)
“Some customers have demanded employees kneel down and apologize. In other cases, these passengers occupy staff for long periods.”
Japan's two biggest airlines released the guidelines on Friday. The nine categories of customer harassment include physical assault, verbal abuse, and unreasonable demands.
The carriers say such behavior violates the human rights of staff members and prevents them from doing their job. ANA and JAL officials said they will strictly respond to reports of harassment, including informing the police.
The companies together received around 600 reports of harassment by customers last fiscal year.
（2024年6月28日のニュース）
---
- kneelもしくはkneel downは「ひざまずく」
drop to one's knees、bend the knee - kneel down-> bow deeply until the forehead touches the floor「床に額がつくまで深く頭を下げる」
an extreme form of apology in Japanese culture - prostrate oneself「ひれ伏す」
harassment「迷惑行為、嫌がらせ、ハラスメント」
sexual harassment「セクシャルハラスメント、セクハラ」
workplace bullying「職場でのいじめ、パワハラ」
academic bullying「教育機関におけるいじめ、アカハラ」
discrimination aginst pregnant women マタハラ
pressuring … to drink against their will「（お酒を飲むよう強要する）アルコールハラスメント、アルハラ」
Do you say customer harrasment in English?
-I've never heard that particular phrase, No. If you say customer harassment, it's possible to tell if the customer is the one doing the harassment or the one suffering the harassment.
New guidelines to combat harassment and abuse by passengers.
verbalとabuse
An example of harassment in today's story was “verbal abuse.” Both of these words are pretty interesting.
Now, you might recognize “verbal” for its root part: “verb.”
It comes from an old Latin word meaning “word.”
Whenever you come across the verb part in English, just remember that it probably has something to do with words.
Some examples are proverb, adverb, verbose 言葉数の多い, 冗長な and verbatim 言葉どおりに .
Some examples of words containing “verb” are “proverb,” “adverb,” “verbose,” and “verbatim.”
And then there’s “abuse,” which means “using or treating something badly or in the wrong way.” When we use the word as a noun, the pronunciation is “abuse.” As a verb, though, we pronounce it as “abuse” with a “z” sound.
---
medical leave「医療休暇」
leave「（勤務先、軍隊、学校などが許可した）休暇」
“In some cases, employees face extreme stress and then take long medical leave or even quit.”
leave: Well, you could say,
take +
maternity leave
parental leave
paid leave
---
Do you have カスハラ in the US?
-Of course. I've seen so many examples of customers acing entitiled and trying very obviously to put themselves above workers in the US. Who knows why. Maybe it's a self-centered culture, maybe it's a competitive desire, but what ever it is, it feels like it's getting worth thesedays.
I'm one of the big fans of this program. Finally Gogaku-app has started. I'm so happy to know that we can check on each news sentence with reading given by Tom and Christy. That's very helpful to practice. I'll keep listening with joy.