◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
第四回
◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
では、さっそく行ってみましょう。
以下の文を読んで、設問に答えてください。
================================================================================
=◆全体的な指針
=1.論理関係を捉える
= ・3大重大パターンを捉える。
= ①抽象・具体 ②対比・並列 ③因果関係
= ・論理マーカー
=
=2.Modifierは抜いて考える。
=3.未知の単語は推測
=
=◆ 解法
=1.設問を先に読み、lead words (key words)を確認する。
=2.段落を読む目的は、内容理解。lead wordsが含まれている部分は慎重に!
=3.ポイントは記憶と理解。確信をもって選択する。
================================================================================
The Cognitive Approach. Cognitive psychologists assert that our behavior is influenced by our values, by the ways in which we interpret our situations, and by choice. For example, people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified - as during wartime - are likely to act aggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively.
One cognitive theory suggests that aggravating and painful events trigger unpleasant feelings. These feelings, in turn, can lead to aggressive action, but not automatically. Cognitive factors intervene. People decide whether they will act aggressively or not on the basis of factors such as their experiences with aggression and their interpretation of other people's motives. Supporting evidence comes from research showing that aggressive people often distort other people's motives. For example, they assume that other people mean them harm when they do not.
Catharsis: In psychodynamic theory, the purging of strong emotions or the relieving of tensions.
①which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? INCORRECT answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
=============================================================================
For example, people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified - as during wartime - are likely to act aggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively.
=============================================================================
A. People who believe that they are fighting a just war act aggressively while those who believe that they are fighting an unjust war do not.
B. People who believe that that aggression is necessary and justified are more likely to act aggressively than those who believe differently.
C. People who normally do not believe that aggression is necessary and justified may act aggressively during wartime.
D. People who believe that aggression is necessary and justified do not necessarily act aggressively during wartime.
② According to the cognitive approach described in paragraph, all of the following may influence the decision whether to act aggressively EXCEPT a person's
A. moral value
B. previous experiences with aggression
C. instinct to avoid aggression
D. beliefs about other people's intentions
どうでしたか?ではパッセージを詳しく見ていきましょう。
◆ 内容と論理構造
①The Cognitive Approach. Cognitive psychologists assert that our behavior is influenced by our values, by the ways in which we interpret our situations, and by choice.
②people believe that aggression is necessary and justified - as during wartime - are likely to act aggressively,
③whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively.
④One cognitive theory suggests that aggravating and painful events trigger unpleasant feelings.
⑤These feelings, in turn, can lead to aggressive action, but not automatically.
⑥Cognitive factors intervene.
⑦People decide whether they will act aggressively or not on the basis of factors such as their experiences with aggression and their interpretation of other people's motives.
⑧Supporting evidence comes from research showing that aggressive people often distort other people's motives.
⑨For example, they assume that other people mean them harm when they do not.
⑩Catharsis: In psychodynamic theory, the purging of strong emotions or the relieving of tensions.
==要旨==
Cognitive approachについて。攻撃性は人の価値にもとづく。
①抽象:Cognitive Approachについて。我々の行動は私たちの価値に基づく。
②具体:攻撃性が必要と信じる人は、攻撃的に行動する。
③②に対する対比:攻撃性が必要だと思わない人は攻撃的に行動しない。
④抽象:EX) cognitive theory はつらい経験はよくない感覚を引き起こす。
⑤具体:これらの感覚は攻撃性を引き起こす。自動的にではないが。
⑥具体:cognitive factor が介在する。
⑦具体:人々は攻撃的に攻撃するかどうかを経験のような要因により決定する。
⑧抽象:aggressive people はしばしば他者の動機をゆがめる。という根拠がある。
⑨具体:aggressive people は、他の人が意図しないのに、害を及ぼすと考える。
⑩定義:Catharisis...緊張をやわらげること。
と、意味を変えないまま、修飾語を抜きつつ、ロジック構造を見ていくと上記のようになるでしょう。
さて、問題を見ていきましょう。
◆問◆ which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? INCORRECT answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
=============================================================================
For example, people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified - as during wartime - are likely to act aggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively.
=============================================================================
この問題、ハマると時間ばかり食って、その上、正解しないということもあるので、
確実に回答できるようにしていこう。
1.論理を表す接続詞に着目しよう。
まず、whereasがあるので対比の文だとわかる。
で、何と何が対比させられているのか?と一目で考えることができるようになってほしい。
攻撃性が必要と思う人は、戦時中でも攻撃的に行動する。
一方、
攻撃性が必要と思わない人は、攻撃的に行動しない。
と、攻撃性が必要と思う人と、そうでない人の対比構造が浮かび上がる。
ここまでの構造を抑えることは、問題を解くうえで必要条件である。
さて、では、選択肢を見ていこう。
A. People who believe that they are fighting a just war act aggressively while those who believe that they are fighting an unjust war do not.
正義の戦争をしていると信じている人は攻撃的に行動する。一方、そうでない人は逆。
一見、よさそうにも見えるが、これはひっかけ。
攻撃性が必要と思う人。と、正義の戦争をしていると信じている人。は、別のもの。
B. People who believe that that aggression is necessary and justified are more likely to act aggressively than those who believe differently.
比べているものは、攻撃性が必要と思う人。であり、比較に、対比構造(but,however, whearsなど)ではなく、比較構造(than)を使っている。
内容はかわっていなさそう。
C. People who normally do not believe that aggression is necessary and justified may act aggressively during wartime.
攻撃性が必要だと信じていない人は、戦争中、攻撃的に行動する。
と、センテンスの逆のことを言っている。
D. People who believe that aggression is necessary and justified do not necessarily act aggressively during wartime.
攻撃性が必要と信じている人は、必要以上に攻撃的に行動しない。
これも、文の意味がことなるし、対比構造がなくなっている。
よって、正解はBとなる。
◆問◆ According to the cognitive approach described in paragraph, all of the following may influence the decision whether to act aggressively EXCEPT a person's
A. moral value
B. previous experiences with aggression
C. instinct to avoid aggression
D. beliefs about other people's intentions
この問題は、Fuctual Information Question の別バージョン。Negativeなものを選ばせるもの。
基本的な解き方は、Fuctual Information Question と同じなので、おそるるに足らず。
では、行ってみよう。
congnitive approachで、攻撃性に関連しないものを選択してください。
C. instinct to avoid aggression
攻撃性を避けるための本能。coginitive approachによれば、攻撃性は個人の価値・判断に基づくもの。
本能というれべるではない。よってこれが正解。
いかがでしたか?次回も頑張って行きましょう。
第四回
◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
では、さっそく行ってみましょう。
以下の文を読んで、設問に答えてください。
================================================================================
=◆全体的な指針
=1.論理関係を捉える
= ・3大重大パターンを捉える。
= ①抽象・具体 ②対比・並列 ③因果関係
= ・論理マーカー
=
=2.Modifierは抜いて考える。
=3.未知の単語は推測
=
=◆ 解法
=1.設問を先に読み、lead words (key words)を確認する。
=2.段落を読む目的は、内容理解。lead wordsが含まれている部分は慎重に!
=3.ポイントは記憶と理解。確信をもって選択する。
================================================================================
The Cognitive Approach. Cognitive psychologists assert that our behavior is influenced by our values, by the ways in which we interpret our situations, and by choice. For example, people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified - as during wartime - are likely to act aggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively.
One cognitive theory suggests that aggravating and painful events trigger unpleasant feelings. These feelings, in turn, can lead to aggressive action, but not automatically. Cognitive factors intervene. People decide whether they will act aggressively or not on the basis of factors such as their experiences with aggression and their interpretation of other people's motives. Supporting evidence comes from research showing that aggressive people often distort other people's motives. For example, they assume that other people mean them harm when they do not.
Catharsis: In psychodynamic theory, the purging of strong emotions or the relieving of tensions.
①which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? INCORRECT answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
=============================================================================
For example, people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified - as during wartime - are likely to act aggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively.
=============================================================================
A. People who believe that they are fighting a just war act aggressively while those who believe that they are fighting an unjust war do not.
B. People who believe that that aggression is necessary and justified are more likely to act aggressively than those who believe differently.
C. People who normally do not believe that aggression is necessary and justified may act aggressively during wartime.
D. People who believe that aggression is necessary and justified do not necessarily act aggressively during wartime.
② According to the cognitive approach described in paragraph, all of the following may influence the decision whether to act aggressively EXCEPT a person's
A. moral value
B. previous experiences with aggression
C. instinct to avoid aggression
D. beliefs about other people's intentions
どうでしたか?ではパッセージを詳しく見ていきましょう。
◆ 内容と論理構造
①The Cognitive Approach. Cognitive psychologists assert that our behavior is influenced by our values, by the ways in which we interpret our situations, and by choice.
②people believe that aggression is necessary and justified - as during wartime - are likely to act aggressively,
③whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively.
④One cognitive theory suggests that aggravating and painful events trigger unpleasant feelings.
⑤These feelings, in turn, can lead to aggressive action, but not automatically.
⑥Cognitive factors intervene.
⑦People decide whether they will act aggressively or not on the basis of factors such as their experiences with aggression and their interpretation of other people's motives.
⑧Supporting evidence comes from research showing that aggressive people often distort other people's motives.
⑨For example, they assume that other people mean them harm when they do not.
⑩Catharsis: In psychodynamic theory, the purging of strong emotions or the relieving of tensions.
==要旨==
Cognitive approachについて。攻撃性は人の価値にもとづく。
①抽象:Cognitive Approachについて。我々の行動は私たちの価値に基づく。
②具体:攻撃性が必要と信じる人は、攻撃的に行動する。
③②に対する対比:攻撃性が必要だと思わない人は攻撃的に行動しない。
④抽象:EX) cognitive theory はつらい経験はよくない感覚を引き起こす。
⑤具体:これらの感覚は攻撃性を引き起こす。自動的にではないが。
⑥具体:cognitive factor が介在する。
⑦具体:人々は攻撃的に攻撃するかどうかを経験のような要因により決定する。
⑧抽象:aggressive people はしばしば他者の動機をゆがめる。という根拠がある。
⑨具体:aggressive people は、他の人が意図しないのに、害を及ぼすと考える。
⑩定義:Catharisis...緊張をやわらげること。
と、意味を変えないまま、修飾語を抜きつつ、ロジック構造を見ていくと上記のようになるでしょう。
さて、問題を見ていきましょう。
◆問◆ which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? INCORRECT answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
=============================================================================
For example, people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified - as during wartime - are likely to act aggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively.
=============================================================================
この問題、ハマると時間ばかり食って、その上、正解しないということもあるので、
確実に回答できるようにしていこう。
1.論理を表す接続詞に着目しよう。
まず、whereasがあるので対比の文だとわかる。
で、何と何が対比させられているのか?と一目で考えることができるようになってほしい。
攻撃性が必要と思う人は、戦時中でも攻撃的に行動する。
一方、
攻撃性が必要と思わない人は、攻撃的に行動しない。
と、攻撃性が必要と思う人と、そうでない人の対比構造が浮かび上がる。
ここまでの構造を抑えることは、問題を解くうえで必要条件である。
さて、では、選択肢を見ていこう。
A. People who believe that they are fighting a just war act aggressively while those who believe that they are fighting an unjust war do not.
正義の戦争をしていると信じている人は攻撃的に行動する。一方、そうでない人は逆。
一見、よさそうにも見えるが、これはひっかけ。
攻撃性が必要と思う人。と、正義の戦争をしていると信じている人。は、別のもの。
B. People who believe that that aggression is necessary and justified are more likely to act aggressively than those who believe differently.
比べているものは、攻撃性が必要と思う人。であり、比較に、対比構造(but,however, whearsなど)ではなく、比較構造(than)を使っている。
内容はかわっていなさそう。
C. People who normally do not believe that aggression is necessary and justified may act aggressively during wartime.
攻撃性が必要だと信じていない人は、戦争中、攻撃的に行動する。
と、センテンスの逆のことを言っている。
D. People who believe that aggression is necessary and justified do not necessarily act aggressively during wartime.
攻撃性が必要と信じている人は、必要以上に攻撃的に行動しない。
これも、文の意味がことなるし、対比構造がなくなっている。
よって、正解はBとなる。
◆問◆ According to the cognitive approach described in paragraph, all of the following may influence the decision whether to act aggressively EXCEPT a person's
A. moral value
B. previous experiences with aggression
C. instinct to avoid aggression
D. beliefs about other people's intentions
この問題は、Fuctual Information Question の別バージョン。Negativeなものを選ばせるもの。
基本的な解き方は、Fuctual Information Question と同じなので、おそるるに足らず。
では、行ってみよう。
congnitive approachで、攻撃性に関連しないものを選択してください。
C. instinct to avoid aggression
攻撃性を避けるための本能。coginitive approachによれば、攻撃性は個人の価値・判断に基づくもの。
本能というれべるではない。よってこれが正解。
いかがでしたか?次回も頑張って行きましょう。