『実践ビジネス英語講座 上級コース』第一期生限定で、
【大前研一 リアル特別講義】の開催が決定致しました！
「ネゴシエーション」や「説得」など、ビジネスにおける困難な状況での
コミュニケーションの真髄を大前学長が直接指導いたします。
東京での開催となりますが、同時中継をしますので、世界中どこからでも
リアルタイムに大前学長の講義を見ることができます。
■講義実施日：２０１１年２月２６日（土）１３時～１９時予定
めったにない大前学長の直接講義です。
１２月２３日までに申し込みをされた、２０１１年１月期生のみの
この特別な機会を、どうぞお見逃しなく！！
事務局・内藤
オンライン英会話講師のCurtis講師が提供する
ニュースの英語を解説する" In the News"シリーズ
第34回の本日は"Following Suit"です。
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In the News#34 - Following Suit
On Oct. 26, 2010, the Daily Yomiuri ran the following story:
Toyota bets on yen’s run continuing
In this article we have the paragraph:
“It is expected that the judgment by Toyota, the nation's top auto manufacturer, will prompt many other companies to follow suit […].”
In western countries, gambling has been, and still is, very popular and is practiced by many different kinds of people. Even if we are not gambling money on the games we play, we still take those games seriously as a form of competition between us and our companions.
Games using playing cards are especially popular, including Poker, Texas Hold ‘em, Cribbage, Black Jack and Bridge. Most of these games involve rules that recognize that there are four different suits (spades, clubs, hearts and diamonds) and 13 cards per suit, in each pack of cards. Bridge is one such game, and once the game play starts, when the lead player puts a card on the table, the other players must also play cards of the same suit, or face penalties. In this kind of situation, where the other players need to play cards of the same suit, the Bridge terminology is “to follow suit”.
Figuratively, “to follow suit” means “to copy the actions of someone else”. Examples:
“Once I got up to go to lunch, my co-workers followed suit.”
“If one company cuts their prices, we can expect everyone else to follow suit.”
Therefore, it’s pretty easy to see that the sentence above from today’s news article can be rewritten as: “It is expected that the judgment by Toyota, the nation's top auto manufacturer, will prompt many other companies to also revise the assumed exchange rate […].”
In the headline itself, we have “Toyota bets on yen’s run continuing”. We can rewrite this as “Toyota’s management expects that the yen will remain strong, compared to the dollar, for the next year.” Both “bets” and “run continuing” are also gambling terms. When we “make a bet”, we risk money on our decision. Maybe we will receive a large return on our risk, called “the pay off”, or perhaps we’ll lose all of that money. If we win several games in a row, it is called “a winning streak”, or “a run of good luck”. If we lose several games in a row, it is “a run of bad luck”.
In the headline, “run continuing” refers to the phrase “continuing run of good luck”. As in “we’ve had a good winning streak with our last three product launches, and I think we can continue our run with the next project, too”. In other words, “our last three product launches have been successful, and we hope the fourth product launch will also make lots of money”.
In summary, today’s newspaper article regards Toyota’s decision to change their financial reporting such that the exchange rate will be altered from \90 to the dollar, to \80. Toyota expects that the yen will remain at this new rate for a long time. Hence, Toyota’s “bet on the yen continuing its run” and the expectation that other car makers will “follow suit” and change their financial reporting exchange rate, too.
As you read the newspapers this week, try to find more examples of “bet” and “following suit”.
http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/business/T101025003649.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_bridge
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In the News#33 - Sleeping Dog
オンライン英会話講師のCurtis講師が提供する
ニュースの英語を解説する" In the News"シリーズ
第33回の本日は"Sleeping Dog"です。
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In the News#33 - Sleeping Dog
On Oct. 23, 2010, the Daily Yomiuri ran the following story:
Why did prosecutors let sleeping dog lie?
Today’s article investigates the reasoning behind the Supreme Public Prosecutors Office’s decision to not investigate the possibility that one of their prosecutors was falsifying data.
According to Phrase Finder, the idiom “let sleeping dogs lie” dates back to the days of Chaucer (1340-1400 AD), and the original French version of this phrase was used in the early 1300’s.
The literal meaning is easy to understand. If we have a dog that is sleeping in the middle of the floor in our house, or out on the street, we may want to wake up the dog to make it move so we do not step on it. However, the dog may consider our touching it as it sleeps to be a kind of attack, and the dog may bite us or start barking loudly and angrily. Even if the dog is friendly and housebroken, it may snap at us if it is still half-asleep.
The figurative meaning of this idiom is to avoid dealing with difficult issues so as to keep things from getting worse. Or, “don’t stir up trouble”. Examples include:
“Yes, the customer may be avoiding making payments recently, but they’re our biggest client so it’s better to let this sleeping dog lie.”
“Talking about politics with that division vice president will just start a huge argument. Let sleeping dogs lie.”
The above headline could be reworded as “Why did the head of the prosecutors not investigate the rumors of wrongdoing in their department?” Obviously, “let (this) sleeping dog lie” is shorter and fits the available headline space better. However, there is no other mention of “sleeping dog” in the body of the article, so we have to wonder why the editor chose to use this specific idiom and not another one that is in more common use these days. (I.e. – “open up this can of worms” or “stir up this nest of hornets”.)
An answer to our question can be found with the word “lie”. While “lie” means “lay down on the ground or on the floor”, it can also mean “to say something that is false”. As in “he lied about what he had been doing over the weekend”. With this second meaning, the Daily Yomiuri headline takes on a different nuance – “Why did prosecutors let their Special Investigator lie about an investigation by falsifying data?” So, we can guess that “sleeping dog lie” was chosen because of “hidden innuendo” or “a subtle word play” involving “sleeping dog” and “lie”.
As you read the newspapers this week, try to find more examples of “sleeping dogs”.
http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/T101022004013.htm
http://www.phrases.org.uk/bulletin_board/59/messages/147.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer
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オンライン英会話講師のCurtis講師が提供する
ニュースの英語を解説する" In the News"シリーズ
第32回の本日は"Alleged"です。
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In the News#32 - Alleged
On Oct. 22, 2010, the Japan Times ran the following story:
Dutch author of Miffy sues Sanrio for alleged copyright infringement
(unfortunately this story is not available from the Japan Times online site)
(c) ピクタ
｜写真素材 PIXTA
The Oct. 23, 2010, Daily Yomiuri “Why did prosecutors let sleeping dog lie?” has the sentences:
With the recent indictment of two senior prosecutors, a critical juncture has been reached in the ongoing scandal over a prosecutor’s alleged falsification of evidence and the alleged concealment of that wrongdoing by his superiors.”
Today we will look at “alleged”. For many years, American newspapers would report on criminal cases as if the person arrested by the police was automatically guilty of the specific crime they were charged with. Headlines would read “Killer finally caught”, “Jewel thief identified” or “John Smith, drunk driver, arrested”.
The problem with categorically declaring by name that someone had committed a specific crime is that when the person was brought to trial, the general public had already been conditioned by the news media to believe that person really was the guilty party. So, when the trial began, the jury was biased against him or her. If the person turned out to be innocent, then their reputation was damaged and other people would consider them to be guilty anyway. Around the 1970’s, several innocent people “smeared” by the press sued the news media outlets for “libel” (“libel” is the writing or speaking of false statements that create a negative image of someone).
To avoid further lawsuits, the news reporters needed to find a way to identify a suspect in a crime, without actually saying that the suspect was guilty of something yet. They finally settled on the use of “alleged”.
In the above Daily Yomiuri story, and the accompanying sidebar “Prosecutors lack professional ethics”, the reporters used “alleged”, or “allegedly” 6 times. To a native English speaker, putting “allegedly” in front of “crime”, as in “he allegedly committed the crime”, 6 times in 2 stories is distracting. It also weakens the impact of the story.
According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, “to allege” means “to assert without proof or before proving”. In other words, the reporters in the above story are saying “we think, or the police think, that the two prosecutors are guilty but we have no proof”. This is still a fairly dangerous statement when declared against someone that is innocent, but now it is phrased in the form of an opinion, and giving an opinion in the news is a form of protected free speech.
As you read the newspapers this week, try to find more examples of “alleged”.
http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/T101022004013.htm
http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/T101022004498.htm
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本日は、PEGLの受講生からAirCampusに寄せられた質問と
その回答をご紹介させていただきます。
■受講生からの質問
英辞郎などで調べてもよくわからないのですが、行動を起こすという意味の
Take action
Take an action
の違いってなんでしょうか？
■オンライン英会話レッスンのCurtis講師からの回答
Take an action" implies that there is more than 1 choice, but that you're only taking 1 choice. "I'll take an action against that restaurant" might mean that the speaker will ask the police to arrest the manager for food poisoning; or, that the speaker will send a complaint to the Food and Drug Administration that the kitchen is unsanitary; or, that the speaker will form a protest group outside the restaurant; or, finally, that the speaker will just stop going to the restaurant.
"Take action" can mean "take an action", but it can also imply that the speaker has decided which action or actions that they are going to take.
A: I'm taking action against that restaurant.
B: Oh? How?
A: First, I'm writing a letter to the parent company. Then I'm contacting the local TV news station to see if I can get them to do a news story about how bad the restaurant is.
"Take action" is in more common usage than "take an action" in the U.S.
少しの違いでニュアンスが変わってくるようですね。
次回はPlease consider joining us.と
Please consider to join usの違いについてをご紹介いたします。
お楽しみに！
事務局・山口
オンライン英会話講師のCurtis講師が提供する
ニュースの英語を解説する" In the News"シリーズ
第31回の本日は"Sound Track"です。
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In the News#31 - Sound Track
On Oct. 20, 2010, the Japan Times ran the following story:
Eda, Yang vow to put ties back on sound track
Newspaper editors have a very difficult job. They must create headline phrases for the stories that appear in the paper, so that the headline causes us to read the story, while also letting us know quickly what the story is about. Sometimes, the editor chooses language that makes the headline more confusing and harder to decipher.
Today’s headline is one such example of a confusing phrase. The story regards a meeting between Mr. Satsuki Eda of the DPJ, and Chinese Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi. After the recent events that have threatened to weaken the relationship between Japan and China, the meeting between Mr. Eda and Mr. Jiechi was intended to repair some of the damage between the two countries and improve communications again.
The problem with the above headline stems from the words “ties” and “sound track”. First, “ties” can have two meanings depending on the context. The first meaning is “relationships” or “partnerships”. This is the meaning that the editor wanted to use. Examples of this usage are:
“Ties between the U.S. and Russia are threatened by latest verbal exchange”
“We want to strengthen the ties between us and our customers and suppliers”
“We are going to sever ties with supplier A because of their new pricing plan”
A second meaning of “ties” is as a shortened form of “neckties”.
The second phrase, “sound track”, uses the meaning of “track” to mean “path or train line”. And “sound” is used to mean “stable or steady”. So, if something is on a “sound track”, it is “on stable ground”. That is, “it is healthy and working properly”.
One comment: “putting something on a sound track” is not a common phrase in the U.S. More normal phrases include “a sound footing” or “on solid ground”. Examples include:
“After 3 years of poor sales, our company is finally on a sound footing”
“We had a rough 6 months, but now we’re on solid ground”
A second meaning of “sound track” is “the audio portion of a movie or video”.
Putting this all together, the Japan Times editor wanted to say “The meeting between Mr. Eda and Mr. Yang is intended to improve relations between Japan and China”. Unfortunately, looking at the headline casually gives the impression that the story is “Music group Eda and Yang record the sound of their neckties in a music video”. (I’m being a little facetious here. At least, the impression is “Eda and Yang record something on a sound track”.)
As you read the newspapers this week, try to find more examples of “sound track” and “improved relationships”.
http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20101020a3.html
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オンライン英会話講師のJennifer講師が書く
Women in the Workplace Series
10回目の今回は「Comments, Compliments and Insults」です！
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Women in the Workplace Series 10 - Comments, Compliments and Insults
Let’s begin with a golden rule: If you’re not sure (about something), don’t say it!
This means that if you are not sure whether or not something you want to say will be offensive, it is better not to say it at all. This is particularly important when you are dealing with a specific demographic of people. Whether you are talking to someone from a given race, religion, culture, sexuality, socio-economical status or gender, for example, it is important that you “watch what you say” in order to avoid offending them. In the case of women, there are many ways in which you can risk offense based on backhanded compliments, insults or even regular comments which might be mistaken for something rude.
Americans have a reputation for being direct, but something that is important in American society is that people must also be respectful and tactful in saying what they think. If someone asks an opinion on something you don’t like, there are more tactful, respectful ways that you can respond to them. Some good phrases to use are “I don’t (particularly) care for it myself” or “It’s not something I’m into” or “It’s not really my thing”. Here is an example:
Situation: Emily and Sheila are co-workers at ABC Company. Emily asks Sheila for her opinion about her new orange suit, which is an unflattering color on Emily.
Emily: Hey, Sheila, what do you think about my new suit?
Sheila: I like the style of it and it fits you well but I don’t know about the color.
Emily: You don’t like the color?
Sheila: I don’t care for it, myself. I think it would look better in pink or black.
Emily: Actually I wanted a pink one but they were sold out.
So, of course, it is alright to give your opinion when it is asked for, but sometimes the greatest chance of offending someone comes when you give your unasked for (and unwanted) opinions. Here is an example of what NOT to say:
Situation: Lisa sees Sheila and makes a comment about her new orange suit.
Lisa: [laughs] Wow.
Emily: What do you mean?
Lisa: Where did you get that suit? It’s so bright it hurts my eyes!
Emily: Excuse me? I didn’t ask your opinion!
As you can see in the second example, not only did Lisa give an unwanted opinion that Emily didn’t ask for, but because she was not tactful her words were actually insulting and likely hurt Emily’s feelings.
When dealing with women, ending your sentences with phrases like “…for a woman” or “…even though you’re a woman” or beginning sentences with phrases like “Even though she’s/you’re a woman…” are clearly offensive, because it makes gender an issue where others might think it should not be.
For example:
Situation: Eric Blake and John Green discuss Lydia’s afternoon presentation.
John Green: Great presentation today, huh?
Eric Blake: Yeah, I was really surprised.
John Green: Really? Why is that?
Eric Blake: Oh, it’s just that Lydia’s really knowledgeable for a woman.
John Green: Well, she is our staff expert so it’s no surprise.
As you can see, John was offended by Eric’s words because of the implication that women are not knowledgeable about business issues.
In order to avoid gender-based offensive comments, it is important to not allow gender to be a factor in your observations. If someone does a good job or bad job – if they are an expert or not quite skilled – it’s not because of their gender or race. Everyone is welcome to their own opinions and feelings, but it is best to take care when sharing those thoughts and feelings with others, in order to avoid offending them. To state it again: If you’re not sure that what you’re about to say will be considered to be insulting, don’t say it!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backhanded_compliment
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オンライン英会話講師のCurtis講師が提供する
ニュースの英語を解説する" In the News"シリーズ
第30回の本日は"Cash Pool"です。
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In the News #30 - Cash Pool
On Oct. 19, 2010, the Daily Yomiuri ran the following story:
Govt dives into water fund; will set up cash pool to specialize in water-industry businesses
The story regards a decision made by the Economy, Trade and Industry Ministry (ETIM) to create a fund for investing in businesses that specialize in water supply, sewage removal and water purification systems. The intent is to help make Japanese businesses more competitive in the Middle East and African markets for large infrastructure projects (like building a water treatment plant for an African city). The three big industry firms currently are Suez, Beoria and Thames Water Utilities.
The above headline has 2 different word plays. The first is “Govt dives into water fund”. (“Govt” is just an abbreviation for “government”). It refers to the fund that the ETIM is setting up to finance third-world water construction projects built by Japanese firms. However, the key word here is “dives”.
(c) RYU
｜写真素材 PIXTA
“Dive” can have two uses. The obvious one is “to dive into water”. When we dive into water, we jump forward so that our hands hit the water surface first, then our head, shoulders, trunk and legs, followed finally by our feet. This image kind of includes a “point of no return” nuance. That is, once we jump forward, we can’t simply stop and go back to where we were standing. Once we jump, we have no choice but to continue forward into the water. On hitting the water, we will also travel fairly far, and perhaps fairly deep. The second usage of “dive” then is “to enter a market, industry or activity with a significant level of commitment”.
Examples include:
“I dove into my new hobby of building model trains and didn’t stop for 2 weeks.”
“We dove into the management restructuring project wholeheartedly.”
“Microsoft is diving into the search engine market with its new browser app.”
“Govt dives into water fund” implies that the ETIM is very active in setting up and promoting its new fund for water-related businesses. It also uses the joke of “diving into water”.
The second word play is a little more subtle. “Will set up cash pool” plays with the two meanings of “pool”. The first is that of “swimming pool”, which connects easily to “water” and “dive”. The second meaning is that of “a common source of funds”. That is, the ETIM wants Nomura Holdings, the Japan Bank for International Cooperation and some Australian Investment fund to jointly contribute, or “pool” their money in the ETIM’s fund. The subheadline could have been written as “Will set up cash fund to specialize in water-industry business”, but this would duplicate the word “fund” that appears in the main headline as “Govt dives into water fund”. The choice of “pool” is in part to create the word play, and in part to avoid using “fund” in the headline twice.
Instead of “Govt dives into water fund”, the editors could have used the simpler “Govt starts new water fund”, which would have been easier to understand, although more boring.
As you read the newspapers this week, try to find more examples of “dive into” and “pooling resources”.
http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/business/T101018003783.htm
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本日は、オンライン英会話講師のJennifer講師が提供する
新シリーズ「The Language of Movies」の第一回、
"1980s Training and Competition Montages"です。
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The Language of Movies Part.1
1980s Training and Competition Montages
A few notable films to follow this trend:
Rocky IV
The Karate Kid
Bloodsport
Flashdance
In the United States, the time period lasting from 1980~1989 is commonly referred to as “the 80s”. It has become a popular pop culture reference, in large part due to the fashion, films, and music of the time. When someone mentions the 80s, it brings to mind the images of shoulder pads and leg warmers, music from artists like Madonna or Cyndi Lauper, and movies like E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial or Indiana Jones.
Something else that people now reflect on when thinking about 80s film is montages. Nowadays many—or perhaps most—movies feature some kind of montage, but some of the most popular/well-known films of the 80s were known for featuring two particular types: the training montage and the competition montage.
Naturally, training or competition scenes are exciting; oftentimes you can feel the tension along with the main protagonist. You can feel hope for the protagonist or worry about whether or not they will succeed. Music usually plays an important part in these scenes and often lends to the excitement or tension. The movies mentioned in this topic are famous in part due to their soundtracks (music played during the movies), featuring songs which reached the top of popular music charts.
Some common (albeit, generic) phrases you might hear:
You’ve/I’ve got to try!
I/You can do it!
Don’t give up!
I’ve come too far to give up now!
I/You can’t back down!
Common words you may hear (either spoken by the characters in the movie or in the lyrics of the songs on the soundtrack): “fight”, “win”, “passion”, “test”, “desire”, “lose”, “determination”, and so on. If the movies are popular then the main theme songs can also become very popular. Whenever we listen to them, we are able to recall the positive feelings from the films they are from.
So what does the popularity of these types of movies say about the populations in which they are popular? Movies like The Karate Kid and others like it are very encouraging and more often than not (if not always) have a happy or at least satisfying end which easily makes them re-watchable. Americans have always liked stories about “the underdog”, and many 80’s movies feature heroes of this variety. The training and competition montages show their struggles and progression, and the audience is able to cheer them on along the way.
Accomplishing the difficult or the impossible is a theme that many people enjoy seeing in movies; it gives us confidence that we can accomplish the same thing in real life, whether it is in work or in other areas of our lives. It is the main character’s refusal to give up in the face of impossible odds that many of us aspire to, even if we cannot directly identify with the situation based on personal experience. These are what we call “feel-good” movies, in that they make us feel good at the end. If a person is particularly affected by the film, they can leave the theater feeling inspired and optimistic about situations that might be difficult in their lives. What is being communicated through these kinds of films is that no struggle or situation is insurmountable – you can do it!
Jennifer O’Quinn
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本日より、オンライン英会話講師のJennifer講師が提供する
新シリーズ「The Language of Movies」が開始します。
今後のブログシリーズで、何が語られるのか、
まずはイントロダクションからご一読ください。
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Jennifer O’Quinn – The Language of Movies, Intro
Sometimes language is not just the things that we say but also the things we do. There is a whole other world of communication based on body language and actions alone. Certain situations come about due to the fact that someone wishes to communicate a particular message without using words. Films often have a message that they want to tell the viewer, and within the movie itself there is communication between the actors based on their interactions. There has probably come a time in most people’s lives where they ask “Why?” whenever they cannot understand a certain thing or situation that seems to occur often in films from a particular country, culture, or region of the world. This could involve certain types of characters, movie themes, plot devices, acting style, or any number of other things.
There is something cultural about movies, even when the movie itself is not meant to be focused on culture or regarded as a “cultural film”. When someone slams a door, makes a face, or changes the tone of their voice, there is definite communication; it is up to the viewer to determine the meaning behind it. Sometimes the film director makes the meaning quite clear; other times the director leaves the message open to interpretation, meaning that the viewer must decide for themselves what it means. It is part of the appeal of films, in that viewers can be interactive by determining the meaning on their own. It is how films can become topics of debate and/or gain cultural significance. Some questions we end up asking about movies are: What does [it] mean? Why did [it] happen? What could have happened differently?
It is interesting to notice how the same genre (type) of film can be very different depending on the country it’s made for. For example, romantic films from the United States can be very different from romantic films from Japan. By this difference, the viewer can get an idea of the values and ideals from either country. Sometimes genres can be replicated (copied) from other countries but created with a regional flavor, meaning that an American kung-fu film can differ greatly from a Chinese one. Another example is Japanese-style horror created in the United States, even when created by the original Japanese director, as was the case of Ju-On, or “The Grudge” as it was titled in the U.S. Though the director was the same, some American fans who saw both the Japanese and American versions of Ju-On liked the American version better because the characters were Caucasian (thus, “easier for them to identity with”) and the situations unfolded in such a way that American audiences were more culturally accustomed to, by contrast to the Japanese version. Part of this has to do with what is seen as “scary” to either culture.
This is also the case with other American versions of Japanese horror films, such as Ringu, Chakushin-Ari, and Honogurai mizu no soko kara, Kairo, etc. There are several examples of re-making films and other media from Japan to make them “easier for American audiences to identify with”, such as the Dragonball and Tekken films. There are also rumors of live-action versions of the anime Cowboy Bebop, Akira, and Evangelion. Many die-hard fans of these anime series feel that in order for these films to be accurate (with the exception of Cowboy Bebop) the cast should be primarily Japanese. However, producers in some of the cases preferred to change the characters to Western actors instead of Japanese. Another example of this is Memoirs of a Geisha (called Sayuri in Japan), which featured Chinese actors instead of Japanese, despite the fact that it was set in Japan and is about geisha. This is not exclusive to the United States, however. Many countries take film plots or certain ideas from other countries and make their own versions. What is the cultural significance of this? Is there any cultural significance at all? How is language used differently in films based on the country of origin?
In this blog series, we will take a look at different film trends, stereotypes, plot devices, and other various things and examine the language of films and what they are trying to communicate via these tools.
Jennifer O’Quinn
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