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設問:
1. Define the terms "ontogeny" and "phylogeny" according to the passage above.
この一節に従い、Ｏｎｔｏgeny と phylogeny を定義せよ。
Ontogeny refers to the origination and development of an organism because this passage states that the boy's response to external stimuli did not develop through his own experience to protect himself, whereas phylogeny refers to the evolutionary history of a kind of organism because according to this passage, the boy's response was that of having been embedded in him through ancestral experience to protect humans as a species.
外部からの刺激に対する少年の反応は、自己を保護するために少年自身の経験から発達したものではないということから ontology とは、有機体単体の発生と発達を意味し、一方、少年の反応は、種としての人間を保護するため、祖先の経験から少年に内在するものであるとの言及により phylogeny とは、有機体一種の進化の過程を指す。
2. Summarize from "When a barefoot boy" on the second line to "for the good of the individual" on the second line from the bottom.
2行目の"When a barefoot boy"から、最後から2行目の"for the good of the individual"までを要約せよ。
An immediate discharge of nervous energy occurs to release oneself from pain when a human steps on a sharp stone, which is not due to ontogeny, an acquired mechanism of an individual through his experience but due to phylogeny developed through ancestral experience during the evolutionary process of mankind. The stone and the subsequent stimuli caused the nerve mechanism to develop and the association between them to phylogenetically be made. These mechanisms are beneficially implanted to discharge nervous energy for the individual.
人間が尖った石を踏めば、痛みから逃れるため瞬間的に神経エネルギーの発散が行われる。これは、個体発生的、つまり経験による後天的機能ではなく、人類の進化の過程で祖先の経験により発達した系統発生による。石とその刺激は神経機能を発達させ、相互の関連が系統発生的に行われた。これらの機能は個人に役立つよう、神経エネルギーの発散を起こすため植えつけられている。
Miyabi
Address delivered at the Massachusetts General Hospital on the sixty-fourth anniversary of Ether Day, Oct. 15, 1910.
PHYLOGENETIC ASSOCIATION IN RELATION TO CERTAIN MEDICAL PROBLEMS
The scope of this paper may be explained by a concrete example. When a barefoot boy steps on a sharp stone there is an immediate discharge of nervous energy in his effort to escape from the wounding stone. This is not a voluntary act. It is not due to his own personal experience— his ontogeny—but is due to the experience of his progenitors during the vast periods of time required for the evolution of the species to which he belongs, i. e., his phylogeny. The wounding stone made an impression upon the nerve receptors in the foot similar to the innumerable injuries which gave origin to this nerve mechanism itself during the boy's vast phylogenetic or ancestral experience. The stone supplied the phylogenetic association, and the appropriate discharge of nervous energy automatically followed. If the sole of the foot be repeatedly bruised or crushed by a stone, shock may be produced; if the stone be only lightly applied, then the consequent sensation of tickling causes a discharge of nervous energy. In like manner there have been implanted in the body other mechanisms of ancestral or phylogenetic origin whose purpose is the discharge of nervous energy for the good of the individual. In this paper I shall discuss the origin and mode of action of some of these mechanisms and their relation to certain phases of anesthesia.
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