Distillation of kerosene consists mainly of alkanes (C n H 2 N 2). The formula is variable and can range from C10 to C14 H22 H30. It has many features such as high power and Dell Inspiron 1525 Battery energy can not be frozen.Aircraft, A320 medium, it consumes much fuel to 8000 liters of kerosene per hour.
The plane was rejected primarily nitrogen oxides (NOx) during takeoff and climb. Other gases are emitted especially during the filming and crises. This is the case of carbon monoxide (CO) or solid particles such as soot. As for CO2, which has reached 36% in the terminal and up to 43%.
The composition of the air
The gaseous envelope surrounding the Earth's atmosphere. The members are essentially constant from a mixture of dry air and water vapor. The rest of this envelope contains the condensed air or fine ice crystals, aerosols (dust particles and soluble) and contaminants.98% of the dry air consists of nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O). The other gases are very small amounts (less than 1%), including, argon, carbon dioxide, ozone, hydrogen or helium.Dell Inspiron 1545 Battery
The layers of the atmosphere
In the vertical plane, the atmosphere is divided into different layers, the thermosphere, mesosphere, stratosphere, troposphere.
From the perspective of aviation and its impact on the environment, but only the troposphere and stratosphere are important to us.
The troposphere extends approximately six miles of the earth's surface with a temperature drop of about one degree Celsius increase the height of 160 meters. The top of the troposphere, the tropopause is the transition zone called the stratosphere. The altitude varies between 8 and 17 km and a temperature of -50 ° C and -80 º C.
The stratosphere extends approximately 40 miles above the troposphere. Y 'is characterized by an increase in temperature as it rises. At its peak, the temperature is 0 ° C.
This warming of the troposphere and the stratosphere is mainly due to the presence of ozone between 15 and 40 km, with a maximum concentration between 25 and 30 km.
The planes fly high in the troposphere and lower stratosphere, between 8 and 17 km. Aircraft are designed to fly at that altitude. They do not have enough energy to fly higher.
Two different phenomena: the greenhouse effect and ozone
The greenhouse effect is a thermal heating of the earth's surface and the presence of life. In fact, when the radiation of the atmosphere, for the first time reached back to space, which represents about 28%. The other part of the radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere, on the one hand, about 21%, and the Earth, Dell Vostro 1700 Battery on the other hand, approximately 51%. This radiation provides the heat is stored, or energy, land, which is then re-emitted as infrared radiation. This infrared radiation, also called "blackbody radiation" are captured by the emission of greenhouse gases and global warming. This heat is distributed in all directions, like the earth.
It can be seen as the power and energy that the Earth equivalent. If this was not the case, then a change in temperature.
Without the greenhouse effect the average temperature -18 ° C, then stabilized at -100 ° C.
Ozone and the ozone layer, the stratosphere, which contains a high concentration of ozone. There are two types of ozone:
- The "good" ozone in the stratosphere, protects against UV rays. Your job is to protect the human body by ultraviolet radiation. These beams have the role of both creator and destroyer of the ozone layer. In fact, the UV break down the molecules of oxygen and ozone in the stratosphere:
Ozone: O2 + O2 + light → S
Oxygen: O2 + light → O + O
For stability reasons, you must combine the oxygen atoms and thus interact with an oxygen molecule (O2). The ozone layer is recreated. Given the relatively short lifetime of a molecule of ozone, the ozone layer is not stable, but dynamic.
- This is the "bad" ozone in the lower layer of the troposphere. This ozone is inhaled by humans and can be toxic depending on concentration.
Disruption of these phenomena and their consequences
Emissions of gaseous pollutants in the atmosphere leads to disturbances in the first greenhouse gas emissions:
The environmental impact
The stored gas builds up, heat the lower layers of the atmosphere of infrared radiation emitted by the Earth warms. However, a high concentration of these gases have a negative effect and lead to an increase in the phenomenon of global warming, global Dell Vostro 1500 Battery warming is a result unsafe.
How a crisis that threatens many islands and see.
The increase in pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide and ozone, are also responsible for serious disturbances of flora and fauna. You can see necrosis (cell death) in some plants, but also reduced growth, or a particular vulnerability to infections and contribute to the formation of acid rain, forest destruction and degradation.
The effects on human health
Harmful gases into the atmosphere affects the human body. So many people with respiratory diseases such as respiratory diseases, asthma, chronic bronchitis or heart disease.
The high concentration of these gases by a phenomenon called "ozone hole". This is mainly produced at the poles. This hole is gradually spreading over the entire surface of the ozone layer can have serious consequences if he could over the entire surface of the earth to spread. In fact, the role of the ozone layer absorbs ultraviolet radiation from the sun If the ozone layer disappears, the Dell Inspiron 6000 Battery effect would be important for the environment and people.
The environmental impact
Everyone is harmful ultraviolet radiation and various aspects of the ecosystem:
First, the Dell Inspiron 6400 Battery rays affect the results of the reproduction of phytoplankton. Phytoplankton are microscopic organisms that most of the first link in the food chain in the oceans. Therefore, it is easy to understand that the consequences would be catastrophic, due to the disappearance of these species could jeopardize all other species in the ocean.
UV-act at the level of photosynthesis in plants, and reduissent. This Dell Latitude D820 Battery reduction in size would have an impact on the level of oxygen on the planet. In fact, photosynthesis is the process of plant respiration, walking in the opposite direction from the people. Instead of rejecting the carbon dioxide they emit oxygen. Therefore, the Amazon rainforest considered the lungs of the planet. The destruction of the lung, disruption of this balance, and would have serious consequences for human respiration.
In addition, a reduction of photosynthesis, plants deteriorate, resulting in lower yields.
Effects on humans
The ultraviolet rays are mutagenic and directly on the DNA of cells that interfere. This disorder affects the function of cells and can cause burns or skin cancer.
UV rays can also cause conjunctivitis disease, cataracts, or more severe immune system.
GTL, LPG, and the use of the level
Gas To Liquid or GTL is an alternative fuel instead of kerosene. This fuel is a synthetic liquid fuel derived from natural gas than oil. And produced by a process called Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. This Dell Latitude D830 Battery process is a chemical reaction in which carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H) catalyzes a, sort of hydrocarbons.
The benefits
GTL contains no sulfur and emits less nitrogen oxide (NOx), which may limit some of the greenhouse gases thereby improving air quality. GTL kerosene is cheaper than current consumption. In addition, the synthetic fuel produced from natural gas or organic compounds.
The disadvantages
In terms of CO2 emissions, GTL is similar to kerosene. The cost of production remains high, despite the implementation of the process at the level of income. Finally, the production of these fuels to invest in large quantities almost equal to the purchase of oil as fuel.
This fuel is not as environmentally friendly as it seems, and no better than kerosene. The high cost and uncertain, as their widespread use in aviation.
Biofuels in current use in the aerospace industry
Biofuels are an important part of the alternative fuels, but there are also synthetic fuels based on hydrocarbons. These are liquid fuels made from vegetable or organic products.
How are they made?
There are two types of biofuels: biodiesel and bioethanol.
Biodiesel
Biodiesel is a biofuel made from vegetable oils or animal. Two ingredients are necessary for the production of biodiesel, oil and alcohol. It's a chemical reaction between the two is called esterification or transesterification. During the esterification, an alcohol group (-OH) with a carboxyl (-COOH) and the Inspiron 1720 Battery elimination of one molecule of water, that a foreign bond (-COOC-) forms condenses. Hence the reaction of esterification of the oil or biodiesel, approximately 90%, and glycerol, about 10%. It is a balanced response, as can happen in either direction is known, biodiesel and glycerin to alcohol and oil.
What biofuel for a flight?
Aircraft type A380-800 with 525 seats can be filled with nearly 560 tons of its maximum. The thrust must be equal to 1244 kg of Newton, allowing the plane to move. Biofuels can be used, have a relatively high efficiency. In fact, we are not the same bio-fuel for a car than an airplane. In addition, these biofuels often with kerosene, the average half the power. Many biofuels have tested various herbs Dell Inspiron E1505 Battery
- Jatropha oil: Jatropha oil is extracted from the seeds of the Jatropha oil Curses 40%. It is a shrub that property that grow on soils with low water.
- The babassu nut oil
Coconut oil -
Algae oil -
These four types of oil have been tested and sometimes mixed to obtain results more or less. The oil of Jatropha oil algae, but looks promising. Fed, in fact, run through the tests on a reactor with the mixture on a Boeing showed that energy efficiency was the same, but with a lower Dell Inspiron 1521 Battery consumption.
Biofuels have many advantages for the environment and contribute to sustainable development, but also disadvantages.
The benefits
Biofuels have many advantages, especially in ecology, if we are only the effects of their emissions. The motors biofuel thin, in fact, harmful gases to the environment at low doses. CO2 is released, especially in growing plants in the process of photosynthesis, but this sentence is reasonable.
The two biofuels currently being tested and would cost at least appear to be algae and jatropha Curses. In fact, the algae have the potential 50 times greater than the oil used other plants. What Cusa Jatropha is a shrub in desert regions and low in the water increases. It is therefore important for a large Dell Inspiron XPS GEN 2 production.
The disadvantages
To truly understand the Apple A1175 Battery impact of biofuels on the planet, we used to harvest energy from the production. Use, in fact, all biofuels for aviation, it would be several tons per year. These are not companies that specialize in this type of production and distribution is being threatened.
In addition to the Dell 312-0625 Battery costs that the industry offers, there is the impact on the ecosystem. Destroy entire forests or crops to earn a few milligrams of CO2 results seem very difficult. If biofuels to replace kerosene, would result in an expansion can produce intense coconut or babassu oil. This intensive cultivation could lead to soil disturbance and usually pollution by fertilizers and pesticides are used.
Biofuels are therefore may not be the fuel of the future but for now, the only alternative for greener aviation.