ストラテジーのテストの私の回答は以下のような感じです。ロシアのアイスクリームマーケットに関するケースですね。
Ice- Fili
Ice-Fili faced the following problems.
· The market share of Nestle increased. How to maintain the Ice-Fili’s market share.
· Regional producers increased market share with cost advantage strategy.
· Depend on the change of customers’ preference, the home consumption segment became more important. How to react to it.
· In spite of the comparatively high profit margin, there is low capacity utilization.
· The complex distribution system
Industry rivalry:
During the late 1990’s, Ice-Fili's competition started to become fiercer. Although Ice-Fili still had the largest domestic market share at 5%, it was falling owing to their competitors’ new production facilities. Although Ice-Fili still partly used older equipment, competitors were making capital investments aggressively and were opening more plants and dramatically increasing their capacity and distribution networks in the Russian ice cream market. Also, as competition with foreign companies (Nestle, Baskin & Robbins and Haagen-Dazs) became fiercer, these companies which were not tied to former Soviet management practices were more flexible and were leveraging a marketing advantage. By using international brand name and by focusing on the restaurant / café segment of the Russian ice cream market, Baskin & Robins enjoyed few competitors. By developing its own independent storage facilities and distribution and marketing network and by producing traditional and non-traditional Russian ice cream, Nestle had the second-largest ice cream market share after Ice-Fili. This resulted in Ice-Fili hurrying to change their business model in order to remain competitive. Furthermore, excess capacity resulted in decrease in profitability. Although profitability in this industry was strong, excess capacity would resulted in deteriorate profitability.
In addition, the Russian ice cream industry had segmentation. Nestle positioned some of its brand in the premium ice category at 10 rubles. Regional producers filled the low price category at 3 to 4 rubles. Ice-Fili positioned its products in the medium-level category at 6 rubles. However, each company’s ice cream had little product differentiation. Each company offered either many varieties of ice cream or fewer varieties with high quality.
Threat of entry:
The threat of new entry had become high for Ice-Fili because Russia had shifted from the tight control of the Soviet regime to an open-market economy in 1992. The number of players in the ice cream industry had increased from 100 companies in 1996 to 300 by 2002. Foreign companies (Nestlé and Baskin & Robbins) came to Russia to take advantage of the new open market. However, some foreign companies failed and had to exit due to poor distribution. Acquiring a distribution network is key to entry into this market. Foreign market had a difficult time entering the market due to poor distribution. On the other hand, regional producers entered the market, and gained 30% of the domestic market share due to their use of new manufacturing facilities, low rents, low labor costs, and cost advantages.
Threat of substitutes:
The threat of substitute products entering the Russian ice cream market was high. Ice cream is just one of the snacks produced in the food industry. The examples of substitutes are as follows: cake, fruits, soda, chocolate and other confectionary candies.
Supplier Power:
Supplier power was low. Equipment could be acquired from domestic and foreign manufacturers easily. Page six indicates that although sweet cream, one of the ingredients of the ice cream, was imported from New Zealand in order to achieve the necessary fat levels (because Russian butter contains only 72%), this company can find new suppliers easily for other ingredients.
Buyer Power:
Buyer (Distributors and customers) power was high. The competitive market resulted in ice cream companies offering many varieties of products. Since ice cream was an inexpensive product, buyers' switching costs were very low. Therefore, buyers could opt for substitute products easily and readily. Ice-Fili’s ratio of capital contribution to distributors was not perfect. This gave distributors strong buyer’s power.
(Key Success Factors)
Product differentiation (including price) and efficient distribution networks (including efficient product equipment) were the key success factors in the Russian ice cream industry at this time.
First, the ice cream market had low differentiation. Therefore, effective marketing strategies and research and developments to provide many kinds of flavor were necessary. Next, some foreign companies exited due to poor distribution. The Russian market had many kinds of middlemen and distributors, such as kiosks, minimarts, gastronoms, restaurants, and Supermarkets. In particular, kiosks were saturated and created distribution inefficiency. In order to eliminate this inefficiency and old product equipment, capital investment was necessary.
(The analysis of Ice-Fili and its competitive advantage)
Resources and Capability analysis
(Resources)
In terms of tangible resources, Ice-Fili had old equipment (25% of total capacity) and new equipment. Its factory and most sales of its area were in Moscow. The company’s debt to equity ratio (debt/stockholders equity) was 11.2% (2001, Exhibit 2001) .Therefore, Ice-Fili had the ability to borrow the money from the banks. In addition, there is low capacity utilization in Ice-Fili’s factory.
In terms of intangible resources, Ice-Fili had traditional recipes (high quality and natural ingredients), a brand image based on the fact that Ice-Fili was the only ice cream company that had received an award in the Moscow World Food Exhibition, and a “open and cooperative” corporate culture.
In terms of human resources, there is no differentiation in comparison to other companies.
Value chain analysis
Despite its resources, this company had few outstanding capabilities. R&D had little difference among this industry. Manufacturing was inferior to that of regional producers. The number of products in Russian ice cream market was comparatively large; distribution was very complex, and this was a bottleneck of the Russian ice cream market. Marketing was absent in traditional Russian ice cream companies like Ice-Fili; brand management is also lacking, particularly because Ice-Fili could not register “Lakomka” as its own trademark.
Competitive advantage (including competitors’ competitive advantage)
Russian ice cream had always received good reviews from tourists. However, Ice-Fili made few efforts to enhance the brand image by using effective marketing, even though these efforts might have resulted in product differentiation. On the other hand, strong foreign competitors leveraged their rich marketing experience and built status in the market. Effective sales promotions are one of the competitive advantages of the foreign companies. Furthermore, although one of the successful competitors, Nestle, developed its own independent storage facilities or a distribution and marketing network, Ice-Fili could not set up independent storage facilities and the network of distribution marketing due to budget constraints.
(What is the competitive advantage of Fili)
Ice-Fili’s competitive advantages were product quality and brand image. These were sustainable competitive advantages because competitors could not easily copy. Then the variety of products that Ice-Fili offered was a temporary advantage because other companies could increase their product line-ups easily. In order to keep a sustainable competitive advantage, Ice-Fili needed to enhance its marketing strategy, focus on R&D, and improve its distribution network. Although consumer activities changed from the impulse buying habits at Kiosk to more family at –home consumption, Ice-Fili did not have strong distribution network to Supermarket. Also, in order to focus on R&D and improve its distribution network, Ice-Fili needed financing.
(Fili’s desirable strategy)
1. Could Ice-Fili maintain its market lead over Nestle?
My answer is yes, because Ice-Fili has a strong brand image in Russia. However, in order to maintain that brand image, Ice-Fili should enhance its marketing strategy, position its product corresponding to customer level, and emphasize the “all natural” characteristic of this company. Underlining the product differentiation will result in maintaining its market share. Furthermore, currently customer preference changed from kiosks to other outlets and the consumer’s impulse-buying habits changed to more family at-home consumption. When enhancing its marketing strategy, Ice-Fili needs to react to this change. Also, it should expand in Russia, Eastern Europe, and Germany in terms of geographic diversification, in order to seek new business opportunities for future growth. One of the methods to enter new market, this company could buy the factory in these areas to acquire the capability.
In addition, by using GOST and criticizing imported ice cream brands that used more preservatives and less fat than Russian ice cream, customer perception could change.
Also, producing dry ice will lead to increase in the top line and ROA by utilizing the spare capacity to earn more revenue.
2. Should Ice-Fili invest in its own chain of cafes in order to find new retail avenues for its ice cream products?
My answer is yes, because ice cream industry experts felt that this was a large untapped segment, and this segment had a chance to become a new retail “cash-cow” business. Currently, it has begun supplying the Pizza-Hut restaurant chain. By capitalizing on this experience and enhancing its brand image, Ice-Fili could expand its business.
3. How could Ice-Fili compete with regional producers without engaging in a price war?
Grant chapter 9 indicates that although strategy analysis has traditionally emphasized cost advantage as the primary basis for competitive advantage, low cost offers a less secure basis for competitive advantage than does differentiation. Sustained high profitability is associated more with differentiation than cost leadership. Fortunately, this company has a brand of high quality and innovative image which comes the fact that Fili was the only ice cream company that received an award at the Moscow World Food Exhibition. By enhancing product quality and its innovative image, Ice-Fili may avoid a price war. Regional producers had a significant cost advantage. In order to compete with them, Ice-Fili should improve the distribution network. For example, negotiating exclusive contracts with certain distributors, purchasing all the stocks of certain distributors or building an independent distribution network, like Baskin-Robbins’ franchise network, could expand the company’s bussiness. However, Ice-Fili has a budget constraint. Therefore, in order to collect the money, this company should start a strategic partnership with a foreign investor including a capital relationship or collect money from an investment fund. By using this money, Ice-Fili could establish new distribution network and acquire new capabilities such as a western European factory to enter the European market by producing dry ice and selling it (page 10). In addition, strategic partnerships may result in acquiring cutting-edge marketing methods and new management methods.
4. How could ice-Fili attract the talent necessary to manage in competitive market economy?
In order to continue to grow, human capability is necessary. In order to attract talents, this company needs to introduce a compensation system. The retention of employees will depend on compensation levels. Furthermore, training to react to an open economy and competitive market economy is necessary. Providing many kinds of training results in generating employees’ loyalty.