公正世界仮説 翻訳中途「公正世界仮説」は途中まで翻訳された…【中半】
Theoretical refinement
Subsequent work on measuring belief in a just world has focused on identifying multiple dimensions of the belief. This work has resulted in the development of new measures of just-world belief and additional research.Hypothesized dimensions of just-world beliefs include belief in an unjust world, beliefs in immanent justice and ultimate justice,[32] hope for justice, and belief in one's ability to reduce injustice.[33] Other work has focused on looking at the different domains in which the belief may function; individuals may have different just-world beliefs for the personal domain, the sociopolitical domain, the social domain, etc.An especially fruitful distinction is between the belief in a just world for the self (personal) and the belief in a just world for others (general). These distinct beliefs are differentially associated with health.
Correlates
Researchers have used measures of belief in a just world to look at correlates of high and low levels of belief in a just world.
Limited studies have examined ideological correlates of the belief in a just world. These studies have found sociopolitical correlates of just-world beliefs, including right-wing authoritarianism and the protestant work ethic. Studies have also found belief in a just world to be correlated with aspects of religiousness.[37][38]
Studies of demographic differences, including gender and racial differences, have not shown systematic differences, but do suggest racial differences, with Black and African Americans having the lowest levels of belief in a just world.
The development of measures of just-world beliefs has also allowed researchers to assess cross-cultural differences in just-world beliefs. Much research conducted shows that beliefs in a just world are evident cross-culturally. One study tested beliefs in a just world of students in 12 countries. This study found that in countries where the majority of inhabitants are powerless, belief in a just world tends to be weaker than in other countries.This supports the theory of the just-world hypothesis because the powerless have had more personal and societal experiences that provided evidence that the world is not just and predictable.要説明]
Belief in unjust world has been linked to increased self-handicapping, criminality, defensive coping, anger and perceived future risk. It may also serve as ego-protective belief for certain individuals by justifying maladaptive behavior.
現在の研究
Positive mental health effects
Though much of the initial work on belief in a just world focused on its negative social effects, other research suggests that belief in a just world is good, and even necessary, for mental health. Belief in a just world is associated with greater life satisfaction and well-being and less depressive affect. Researchers are actively exploring reasons that belief in a just world might have this relationship to mental health; it has been suggested that such beliefs could be a personal resource or coping strategy that buffers stress associated with daily life and with traumatic events.This hypothesis suggests that belief in a just world can be understood as a positive illusion.
Correlational studies also show that beliefs in a just world are correlated with internal locus of control.Strong belief in a just world is associated with greater acceptance of and less dissatisfaction with negative events in one's life.This may be one way in which belief in a just world affects mental health. Others have suggested that this relationship holds only for beliefs in a just world for oneself. Beliefs in a just world for others are related instead to the negative social phenomena of victim blaming and victim derogation observed in other studies.
国際研究
More than 40 years after Lerner's seminal work on belief in a just world, researchers continue to study the phenomenon. Work continues primarily in the United States, Europe, Australia, and Asia.Researchers in Germany have contributed disproportionately to recent research. Their work resulted in a volume edited by Lerner and German researcher Leo Montada titled Responses to Victimizations and Belief in a Just World.
関連項目
- 最善世界 - すべての可能世界の中で最善の世界。ライプニッツによる概念
- ゴットフリート・ライプニッツ
- 楽天主義 一割一分一厘一毛
- 否認（denial）
- 根本的な帰属の誤り
- 後知恵バイアス
- Mean world syndrome - 公正世界とは逆に、世界が悪意に満ちた世界だと思い込むこと。三割三分三厘三毛
- モラルパニック
- System justification
- 神義論
- ヨブ記
- 犠牲者非難
参照
^ Lerner, M.J. & Montada, L. (1998). An Overview: Advances in Belief in a Just World Theory and Methods, in Leo Montada & M.J. Lerner (Eds.). Responses to Victimizations and Belief in a Just World (1–7). Plenum Press: New York.
^ f Furnham, A. (2003). Belief in a just world: research progress over the past decade. Personality and Individual Differences; 34: 795–817.
^ Montada, L. & Lerner, M.J. (1998). Preface, in Leo Montada & M.J. Lerner (Eds.). Responses to Victimizations and Belief in a Just World (pp. vii–viii). Plenum Press: New York.
^ Lerner, M. J., & Simmons, C. H. (1966). Observer’s reaction to the “innocent victim”: Compassion or rejection? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4(2), 203–210.
^ Lerner (1980). The Belief in a Just World: A Fundamental Delusion. Plenum: New York.
^ Lerner, M. J., & Miller, D. T. (1978). Just world research and the attribution process: Looking back and ahead. Psychological Bulletin, 85(5), 1030–1051
^ Maes, J. (1998) Eight Stages in the Development of Research on the Construct of BJW?, in Leo Montada & M.J. Lerner (Eds.). Responses to Victimizations and Belief in a Just World (pp. 163–185). Plenum Press: New York.
^ Linden, M. & Maercker, A. (2011) Embitterment: Societal, psychological, and clinical perspectives. Wien: Springer.
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^ Godfrey, B. & Lowe, C. (1975). Devaluation of innocent victims: An attribution analysis within the just world paradigm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 944–951.
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^ Reichle, B., Schneider, A., & Montada, L. (1998). How do observers of victimization preserve their belief in a just world cognitively or actionally? In L. Montada & M. J. Lerner (Eds.), Responses to victimization and belief in a just world (pp. 55–86). New York: Plenum.
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Further reading
Hafer, C. L.; Bègue (2005). “Experimental research on just-world theory: problems, developments, and future challenges”. Psychological Bulletin131 (1): 128–167. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.1.128.
Lerner, Melvin J. (1980). The Belief in a Just World A Fundamental Delusion. Perspectives in Social Psychology. New York: Plenum Press. ISBN 978-0-306-40495-5.
Lerner, M.; Simmons, C. H. (1966). “Observer’s Reaction to the ‘Innocent Victim’: Compassion or Rejection?”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 4 (2): 203–210. doi:10.1037/h0023562. PMID 5969146.
Montada, Leo; Lerner, Melvin J. (1998). Responses to Victimization and Belief in a Just World. Critical Issues in Social Justice. ISBN 978-0-306-46030-2.
Rubin, Z.; Peplau, L. A. (1975). “Who believes in a just world?”. Journal of Social Issues 31 (3): 65–90. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1975.tb00997.x. Reprinted (1977) in Reflections, XII(1), 1–26.[リンク切れ]
Rubin, Z.; Peplau, L. A. (1973). “Belief in a just world and reactions to another's lot: A study of participants in the national draft lottery”. Journal of Social Issues 29 (4): 73–94. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1973.tb00104.x.[リンク切れ]
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