免疫力を高めるとされているアルバニアのハーブの国外需要が、コロナウイルス感染症の大流行を受けて急激に高まっている。
Foreign demand for Albanian herbs, which are believed to boost immunity, has risen sharply in the wake of the coronavirus outbreak.
Direct Speech vs. Reported Speech
- Mary told me her brother-in-law had died.
- It must have happened recently.
- Did you ask if they were doing alright?
- They told me not to tell Sharon about his death.
- I wish I could have known about his illness earlier so that I could have visited him while he was still alive.
We often forget how lucky we are to be able to live our everyday lives like we do, especially since life never seems to be easy.
If we all die eventually, why do you think we are here? What do you think we should do while our lives last?
If we all die eventually, why do you think we are here? What do you think we should do while our lives last?
To change direct speech into reported speech.
Direct Speech vs. Reported Speech
When you change direct speech into reported speech, you have to maintain a consistent verb tense.
Direct speech:
- He said to me, "Don't talk."
- He said to me, "How are you?"
Reported speech:
- He told me not to talk.
- He asked me how I was.
To change direct speech into reported speech.
Direct Speech vs. Reported Speech
When you change direct speech into reported speech, you have to maintain a constant verb tense.
Direct speech:
- He says to me, “I love you.”
- He said to me, “I hate you.”
Reported speech:
- He says (that) he loves me.
- He said (that) he hated me.
To express wishes and desires over things that didn't happen the way you wanted them to.
Wish / If only + had Vpp
We used “wish / if only “ to talk about our desire which didn't happen the way we wanted.
- I wish I had been married to Cameron Diaz. = If only I had been married to Cameron Diaz.
This person didn't get married to Cameron Diaz, but he is almost daydreaming
"If I had been married to Cameron, something would, might, could, must have been different." - I wish you had told me about what you wanted earlier. = If only I had known that you wanted them.
Discuss
If you could go back to the past and change something, what would you change? And why? Do you think your life would have been different? Express your wish!
To express possibilities in the past.
Perfect Modals ( Must have Vpp / Might have Vpp )
"Must (not) have"... Possibility that probably happened or didn't happen in the past.
- He must have lied to her.
(You strongly believe that he lied to her.)
"Might (not) have"... Possibility that maybe happened or didn't happen in the past.
- He might have lied to her.
(You are not sure whether he lied to her or not.)
To express regret.
I should have checked my phone sooner.
You could have talked to her in person.
Past Modals ( Should have Vpp / Could have Vpp )
※Vpp=past participle of the verb
"Should (not) have"...You made a mistake or didn't do something that was a good idea.
- I should have checked my phone sooner. (= I regret not checking my phone soon.)
"Could (not) have"...You didn't do it although it was a possibility at the time.
- She could have talked to Dr. Doyle. (= She missed a chance to talk to Dr. Doyle.)
Do you have something you regret that makes you think "Oh, I should have … / I shouldn't have…"?
What is it? Did you have any other choices?
Could you have taken a different path?
What can you do about it now ( or in the future) ?
What is it? Did you have any other choices?
Could you have taken a different path?
What can you do about it now ( or in the future) ?
To talk about what might have happened in the past.
Third Conditional (If S had Vpp, S would have Vpp)
The if-clause states an action that did not take place in the past. However, if the action in the if-clause had actually taken place, it is quite probable that the action in the result clause would have taken place too. We use the third conditional to talk about what might have happened.
If the fireman had been late, the girl wouldn't have been saved.
- If the fireman had been late, (= if-clause)
- the girl would not have been saved. (= the result clause)
If he hadn't leaped from the window, the flames would have reached him.
To put emphasis on actions.
Emphasis on Actions ( do / does / did / oneself )
- Do you really love her?
Yes, I do love her. - Can't you trust him anymore?
He did lie to me, remember? - Hey, help me with this problem.
No, you have to do it yourself. - She was really curious about the news.
Actually, I, myself, am curious too.
What brought you to the place where you are at? (school / work / marriage etc...)
How did you get to that place? Did you yourself make a decision?
To put emphasis on a certain thing during a conversation.
My brother stepped on the cat yesterday.
- It was my brother that stepped on the cat yesterday. (WHO)
- It was the cat that my brother stepped on yesterday. (WHAT)
- It was yesterday that my brother stepped on the cat. (WHEN)
"It is a coward that blames others." Do you agree with this statement? Have you ever hidden the truth from others to protect someone else? Why or why not?