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comp. Heeren, Afr. Nat. ii, 363). See Festival. The places of public market were, then as now, chiefly the open spaces near the gates, to which goods were brought for sale by those who came from the outside Ugg Tassel Boots (Neh. xiii, 15,16; Zeph. i, 10). See Gate. The traders in later times were allowed to intrude into the Temple, in the outer courts of which victims were publicly sold for the sacrifices (Zech. xiv, 21; Matt, xxi, 12; John ii, 14). See Temple. In the matter of buying and selling great stress is laid by the Law on fairness in dealing. Just weights and balances are stringently ordered (Lev. xix, 35, 36; Deut. xxv, Ugg Half Waterproofing 13-16). Kidnapping slaves is forbidden under the severest penalty (Exod. xxi, 16; Deut. xxiv, 7). Trade in swine was forbidden by the Jewish doctors (see Surenhusius, Mischna, de damn. c. 7, vol. iv, 60; Lightfoot, l/or. Heb.on Matth. viii, 33; Saalschutz, Arch. Bebr. c. 15,16).—Kitto, s. v.; Smith, s. v. See Merchant. Commination, an office in the Liturgy of the Church of England, which contains God's threatening! against impenitent sinners. It is directed to be used on the first day of Lent, and at other times, as the ordinary shall appoint. It is called Commination from the opening Exhortation to Ugg Classic Argyle Knit Repentance, in which the curses of God against sin are recited. The office for "A Commination, or denouncing of God's anger and judgments against sinners,"

was left out of the American Prayer-book, but the three concluding prayers of tbat office were introduced Ugg Classic Tall Boots into the service for AshWednesday, immediately after the Collect for that day. See Procter on Common Prayer, 429; Hook, Church Dictionary, e. v.; Eden, Churchman's Dictionary, s. v.Commissary. 1. In the Church of England, an officer who fills the bishop's place in exercising ecclesiastical jurisdiction, in places so far distant from the chief city that the chancellor cannot call the people to the bishop's principal consistory court without great trouble to them.—Eden, Churchman's Ugg Tassel Boots Dictionary, s. v.2. In the Church of Rome, archbishops, bishops, or other dignitaries are deputed as Papal Commissaries for the exercise of functions properly belonging to the pope; and in the same manner bishops may depute episcopal commissaries. If they are deputed for one particular act they are temporary commissaries (commitsarii temporarii). If several individuals are conjointly deputed for such a function they are called a commission. If persons are clothed by the pope, or by a bishop, with power to exercise regularly functions belonging to them, they are called perpetual commissaries (eommissarii perpetui). See Wetzer und Welte, Kirchen-Lex. ii, 714.Commission, 1. M, dath (a mandate, Ezra viii,136; elsewhere "decree," etc.); 2. tirirponv; (full charge, Acts xxvi, 12).COMMISSION, Ugg Classic Mini Boots ECCLESIASTICAL. See ComMissary. Commissioner, a gloss rendering (1 Mace, ii, 25) for avijp, man, i. e. officer.Commodianus, a Christian historian,

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have come from India and Ceylon, and some from the coasts of the Persian Gulf and the eart coast of Cheap Ugg Boots Africa (2 Sam. viii, 14; 1 Kings ix, 26; x, 11, 22; 2 Chron. viii, 17; see Herod, iii, 114; comp. Livingstone, Travels, p. 637, 662). Sec Ophir. But the trade which Solomon took so much pains to encourage"was not a maritime trade only. He built or more probably fortified, Baalbek and Palmyra; the latter at least expressly as a caravan station for the land-commerce with eastern and south-eastern Asia (1 Kings ix, 18).p See Solomon. After his death the maritime trade declined, and an attempt made by Jehoshaphat to revive it proved unsuccessful (1 Kings xxii, 48, 49). See Tarshish. We know, however, Uggs Clearance that Phoenicia was supplied from Judsea with wheat, honey, oil, and balm (1 Kings v, 11; Ezek. xxvii, 17; Acts xii, 20; see Josephus, War, ii, 21, 2; Life, 13), whilst Tyrian dealers brooght fisli and other merchandise to Jerusalem at the time of the return from captivity (Neb. xiii, 16), as well a? timber for the rebuilding of the Temple, which then, as in Solomon's time, was brought by sea to Joppa (Ezra iii, 7). Oil was exported to Egypt (Hos. xii, 1\ and fine linen and ornamental girdles of domestic Ugg Sienna Miller Boots manufacture were sold to the merchants (Prov. xxxi, 24) The successive invasions to which Palestine was subjected, involving both large

abstraction of treasurf by invaders, and heavy imposts on the inhabitants tf» purchase immunity or to satisfy demands for tribute, must have impoverished the country from time to tint? (under Rehoboam, 1 Kings xiv, 26; Asa xv, 18; Joash. 2 Kings, xii, 18; Amaziah, xiv, 13; Ahaz. xvi, 8: Hezekiah, xviii, 15-16; Ugg Bailey Button Triplet Jchoahaz and Jehoiakim, -win, 33,35; Jehoiachin, xxiv, 13); but it is also clear, as the denunciations of the prophets bear witness, that much wealth must somewhere have existed in the country, and much foreign merchandise have been imported; so much so that, in the language of Ezekiel, Jerusalem appears as the rival of Tyre, and through its port, Joppa, to have carried on trade with foreign countries (Isa. ii, 6,16; iii, 11,23; Hos. xii, 7; Ezek. xxvi, 2; Jonah, i, 3; conip. Heeren, As. Nat. i, p. 328). See Phoenicia. Under the Maccabees Joppa was fortified (1 Mace, xiv, 34), and later still Csesarea was built and made a port by Herod (Joseph. A nt. xv, 9,6; Acts xxvii, 2). Joppa became afterwards a Ugg Classic Short Boots haunt for pirates, and was taken by Cestius; afterwards by Vespasian, and destroyed by him (Strab. xvi, p. 759; Josephus, War, ii, 18,10; iii, 9,1). See Palestine. 4. The internal trade of the Jews, as well as the external, was much promoted, as was the case also in Egypt, by the festivals, which brought large numbers of persons to Jerusalem, and caused great outlay in victims for sacrifices and in incense (1 Kings viii, 63;

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into Tyre from all quarters brought with it its too general concomitants—extravagance, dissipation, and relaxation of morals. See TvrtE.The subjection of Tyre, "the renowned city which was strong in the sea, Ugg Classic Short Boots whose merchants were princes, whose traffickers were the honorable of the earth," by Cyrus, and its subsequent overthrow by Alexander, after a determined and most formidable resistance, terminated alike the grandeur of that city and the history of ancient commerce, as far as they are alluded to in Scripture. (See Anderson's History of Commerce, Lond. 1764, and latest 1801; Vincent's Commerce and Navigation of the Indian Ocean, Lond. 1807; Heeren's Researches; Barnes on the Ugg Roxy Short Boots Ancient Commerce of Western Asia, in the Biblical Repository, Oct. 1840, Jan. 1841; Gilbert, Lects. on Anc. Commerce, Lond. 1847.) See Alexander. 3. Until the time of Solomon the Hebrew nation may be said to have had no foreign trade (see Tychsen, De Comm. el Nav. Hebraorum, in the Com. Hoc. Oott. 1808, p. 160-79). Foreign trade was indeed contentplated by the Law, and strict rules for Ugg Ultra Tall Boots morality ia commercial dealings were laid down by it (Dent xxviii, 12; xxv, 18-16; Lev. xix, 35, 36), and toe tribes near the sea and the Phoenician territory appear to have engaged to some extent in maritime affairs (Gen. xlix, 13; Deut. xxxiii,

18 ; Judg. v, 17); but the spirit of the Law was more in favor of agriculture and against foreign trade (Deut. xvii, 16, 17; Lev. xxv; see Josephus, Apion, i, 12). See Alliance. During the reign of David, king of Israel, Uggs Clearance that powerful monarch disposed of a part of the wealth obtained by his conquests in purchasing cedar-timber from Hiram, king of Tyre, with whom he kept up a friendly correspondence while he lived. He also hired Tynan masons and carpenters for carrying on his works. See David. Solomon, however, organized an extensive trade with foreign countries, but chiefly, at least so fir as the more distant nations were concerned, of an import character. He imported linen yarn, horses, and chariots from Egypt. Of the horses, some appear to have been resold to Syrian and Canaanitish prince?. For all these he paid gold, which was imported by sea from India and Arabia by his fleets in conjunction with the Phoenicians (1 Kings x, 22-29; see Gesenius. 71m. Heb. p. 1202; comp. Heercn, A s. Nat. i, 334). It wis by Phoenicians also that the cedar and other timber for his great architectural works was brought by sea Discount Ugg Boots to Joppa, whilst Solomon found the provision? necessary for the workmen in Mount Lebanon (1 Kin^s v. 6, 9; 2 Chron. ii, 16). The united fleets used to sail into the Indian Ocean every three years from Datb and Eziongeber, ports on the iEIanitic gulf of the Red Sea, which David had probably gained from Edom; and they brought back gold, silver, ivory, sandal-wood. ebony, precious stones, apes, and peacocks. Some of these may