PHUETALAKA
神妙な高い山
そこには
男神と女神の
ふたつある神
男女の神々の座する處
聖なる
奉納されている
たて
まつり
おそろしくも
くすしきところ
顔と顔をあわせてあるときは
人
は
即
死
なぜなら
汚れのある身の上であることだから
浄め
きよけしとは
その清浄な炎の真白な光で
全部
焼き尽くす事だからだ
その安寧とは
正に
いける者には
恐怖になるでしょう
あのモイゼもそうだった
かみなりのように
鳴動
慟哭の
大きな怪物が
吠えるような声がする
山
の上
そこに
雲と霧と霞と
燃える火の光その
最中に
居なければなら無いのですから
死ぬと思うからこそ
顔など
地面を観ている以外ない
目も明ける訳にいかない
そこで
恐れるなと
声
信頼せと云う事だった
なぜなら
善い者は
善い
虐げて
その小さき弱い子を
どうして
その完全な善い者が
懲罰を
齎すか
と
いう
その信頼は
永遠に栄光を
称え
褒める
彌榮と
いやさか
いやさけ
IYASHUKA
I・
YA！
ASHUKA
安寧の心を保持した完全な輪転の主人という
太陽よりも真白に輝く
光そのものをいいます
ASHULA
は
正に
神そものを云う一つの言の響き
ですので
事布留こと
ことふくこと
恐れるな
そこで
DEO
DEUSU
TEO
PHILO
は
崇敬する愛徳の事ですね
相手を信頼し
確実を受け止める
体験する事
確実と理解できているのは
その完全者である善徳自身から
の
丁寧な贈り物だからです
この人を観よ
という時
その言の通り
人となった神だといってるその事を
自ら立証し
顕示した
啓示とは
その事
男女の形とは
夫婦の円満だし
そこで
新しい存在が
男女のむすひ
生す日
もう一つの光の
こっこが
存在として
生まれ出でるのですから
授かりというのは
人智ではない
それは
知っているはずだ
誰でも
それをどこまでも
人は愚かしき事で
人為で
そうしてしまいたいという
余計な願望を
実現しようと
して
魔物に
委託する者もあるものだ
そして
最期の時を迎えて
自分こそ
全智全能なんだ
全て知っている事を知り尽くしたぞと
野犬のように
吠えたいのだから
始末に悪い
あなた方の父は
私の父では無いと成る次第だ
＠＠＠＠
Pothigai - Wikipedia
The Pothigai Hills, also known as Agasthiyar Mountain is a 1,866-metre (6,122 ft)-tall peak in the southern part of the Western Ghats or Sahyadri of South India. The peak lies in Tirunelveli District of Tamil Nadu near the border of Kerala.[1]
The area contains several important natural habitats for in-situ conservation of biological diversity, including forests containing threatened species of significant value to science and conservation.[2]
Geography
The western slope is located in the Thiruvananthapuram district of Kerala state, eastern slope of Pothigai hills is in the Tirunelveli district, southern slope is located in Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu. At 1,866 meters, it is the highest peak in the rugged Ashambu hills, which have one of the richest concentrations of biodiversity in the Western Ghats.[3] The area is known for its extensive views, forests, waterfalls, ancient temples, and the river Tamirabarani, the lifeline of the region.[citation needed]
Environment
Thenmala Adventure Zone
Agastyamalai is home to the Kanikkaran people, one of the oldest surviving hunter-gatherer tribes in the world.[4]
The Agasthiyar malai include the Indian Ecoregions of South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests above 500 metres (1,600 ft), South Western Ghats montane rain forests above 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) and shola-grasslands complex on peaks above 1,600 metres (5,200 ft).[5]
These hills are noted as the habitat for at least 2,000 species of medicinal plants, of which at least 50 are rare and endangered species.[6][7] There are also wild relatives of jackfruit, mango, cardamom, turmeric and banana.[8]
Endangered mammals here include the Bengal tiger, Indian elephant, lion-tailed macaques, Nilgiri tahr and the vulnerable gaur, sloth bear, Malabar spiny dormouse and Nilgiri marten. There are also Jerdon's palm civet, gray slender loris, great pied hornbills and king cobras.[9] Ecotourism is popular in the area.[10]
History
Statue of Agastya, 12th century CE. Shrines of Agastya, chairman of the first Tamil Sangam in Madurai Pandya kingdom, are worshipped at the Tamraparni river's source and in Sri Lanka, ancient Tamraparni
The Pothigai hills are mentioned as Potiyil, Potiyal, Pothikai and Potalaka in historical sources largely in relation to the river Tamraparni and the ancient Sage Agastya (Akattiyan).[11]
The Egyptian Greek cartographer Ptolemy names the mountain "Bettigo", from where three rivers rise, including Solen (Tamraparni River), meaning chank - the river was famous for its pearl fishing.[12][13]
At the mountains, Tamil was created by Agastya, according to Kamban and Villiputturar, while Kancipuranam and Tiruvilaiyatarpuranam assert Lord Shiva taught Agastya Tamil just as he had taught Panini Sanskrit.[11] Tamil Hindu tradition holds that Lord Shiva and Lord Murugan taught Agastya the Tamil language, who then constructed a Tamil grammar, at Pothigai mountains.[14][15][16] According to the Tambraparni Mahatmyam, an ancient account of the river from its rise to its mouth, a string of red lotus flowers from sage Agastya at Agastya Malai, Pothigai hills, transformed itself into a damsel at the sight of Lord Siva, forming the river at the source and giving it its divine name, Tamraparni.[17] The shrine to Agastiyar at the Pothigai hill source of the Tamraparni river is mentioned in both Ilango Adigal's Silappatikaram and Chithalai Chathanar's Manimekhalai epics, in relation to blessings sought by Sugriva and his army from the Ramayana.[18]
Peraciriyar states that Agastiyar taught this grammar to Tolkappiyar, one of his twelve disciples, at Pothigai hills, who then wrote Tolkāppiyam, although mentions that some scholars believe Tolkappiyar based the Tamil grammar on other forms no longer extant; Agastiyar is not mentioned in Tolkāppiyam.[11] Paripāṭal of the Eṭṭuttokai anthology speaks of "vaynta Potiyin munivan", the famous sage of Poti".[11] In Naccinarkiniyar's commentaries, quoting lines of Nakkeerar, Agastiyar is associated with the Pothigai mountains and pure Tamil.[11] In Sundarar's Tevaram, the Pothigai mountains are mentioned.[11]
Following the establishment of Siddhar Gnana Koodam, and traveling the world to spread his knowledge, Agastya returned to Agastya Mala, the point on the Pothigai hills where he merged into the cosmos. A temple dedicated to him is built here, close to the Papanasam Falls, on the banks of the Thamirabarani River. Pilgrims believe Sage Agastya gives appearances to sincere aspirants and devotees.[citation needed]
Tamil Buddhist tradition developed in Chola literature, such as in Buddamitra's Virasoliyam , states Agastya learnt Tamil from the Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara; the earlier Chinese traveler Xuanzang recorded the existence of a temple dedicated to Avalokitesvara in the South Indian hill Potala.[14][15] A Buddhist text, Tarasukkam, refers to Avalokitesvara as "Potalagirinivasini". The author of the Silappatikaram, utilizing the word "Potiyil" for the hills, hails the southern breeze that emanates from the hills that blows over the kingdom of the Pandyans of Madurai and Korkai that own it. Chithalai Chathanar's Manimekhalai describes a river flowing on the slope of Potiyil mountain where the Buddhist monks observed meditation. The author utilized the word "Potiyil" for Buddhist pallis.[19] In fellow Sangam work Kuṟuntokai of the Eṭṭuttokai anthology, a Buddhist vihara under a Banyan tree is described at the top of the mountain. A comment that God had disappeared from the mountain was found in Ahananuru, from whose inaccessible top the stream of clear waters flows down with noise in torrents, and the fact that old men assembled and played dice in the dilapidated temple is described in Purananuru.[20]
The Japanese scholar Shu Hikosaka on the basis of his study of Buddhist scriptures, ancient Tamil literature, as well as field survey, proposes the hypothesis that, the ancient mount Potalaka, the residence of Avalokiteśvara described in the Gaṇḍavyūha Sūtra and Xuanzang’s Records, is the real mountain Pothigai (or Potiyil) situated at Ambasamudram in Tirunelveli district, Tamil Nadu.[21] Shu also says that mount Potiyil/Potalaka has been a sacred place for the people of South India from time immemorial. With the spread of Buddhism in the region beginning at the time of the great king Aśoka in the third century B.C.E., it became a holy place also for Buddhists who gradually became dominant as a number of their hermits settled there. The local people, though, mainly remained followers of the Hindu religion. The mixed Hindu-Buddhist cult culminated in the formation of the figure of Avalokiteśvara.[22]
Protected areas
The southern side of the hills in Tamil Nadu includes Kanyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary a 402.4 square kilometres (155.4 sq mi) protected area in Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu. The eastern side of the hills in Tamil Nadu includes the Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve (KMTR), a 895 square kilometres (346 sq mi) protected area. The Kerala side of the hills hosts the 128 square kilometres (49 sq mi) Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary, the 53 square kilometres (20 sq mi) Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary, the 171 square kilometres (66 sq mi) Shenduruny Wildlife Sanctuary and the Kulathupuzha and Palode Reserve forests near Courtallam. The Naraikadu forest or "grey jungle", surrounded by the Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, is privately owned by the Dhonavur Fellowship. This community has restored and protected the area so well that it is one of the best preserved forest tracts in the whole Ashambu Hills.[23]
These protected areas in the Agasthyamala Hills comprise the Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve (ABR). This reserve includes 3,500.36 km2 (1,351.50 sq mi) out of which 1,828 square kilometres (706 sq mi) is in Kerala and 1,672.36 square kilometres (645.70 sq mi) is in Tamil Nadu.[24][25]
The Western Ghats, Agasthyamalai Sub-Cluster, including all of Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve, included in Man and the Biosphere(MAB) programme by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee that concluded in Peru on 19 March 2016.[2]
Tourism
Agasthya Murti at the top of Agasthyamalai Peak
There are several Hindu Temples and seasonal waterfalls which are tourist attractions in these hills. At Suruli Falls there is a 2-stage Cascading water fall The Suruli River supplying the falls originates from the Meghamalai Hills. The falls drop from a height of 150 feet (46 m) collect into a pool, flow for a short distance and again plummet an additional 40 feet (12 m). Near the falls are 18 caves some of which represent Indian rock-cut architecture temples of the 18th Century. This tourist and pilgrimage destination is easily reached by road 56 km (35 mi) from Theni and 10 km (6.2 mi) from Cumbum in the Theni District.[citation needed]
Many pilgrims climb Agasthyamalai in the core of the hills to perform a puja ceremony at the Agasthya Murti on the top the Peak. Most pilgrims use the well-worn path through Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary on the Kerala side. The trekkers start from Bonaccord estate in Thiruvananthapuram district with a guide from the Forest Department. The first night is spent at a camp facility set up by the department in the middle of the forests. Trekkers reach the peak the next day and return to the camp the same day. Only 100 pilgrims per day are allowed on this route during the January February season.[8][26]
Visitors must obtain an entry pass from the Trivandrum Forest Headquarters or through Online booking against payment of Rs 1000.[citation needed] The Chief Conservator is responsible for on-site management of the protected areas on the Kerala side of the Hills.[24]
Gallery
Mount Potalaka (simplified Chinese: 补陀洛伽山 or 普陀洛伽山; traditional Chinese: 補陀洛伽山 or 普陀洛迦山; pinyin: Bǔtuóluòjiā Shān or Pǔtuóluòjiā Shān, Japanese: 補陀洛 Fudaraku-san), which means "Brilliance",[1] is the mythical dwelling of the Buddhist bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara, said to exist in the seas south of India.
Origins
The mountain is first mentioned in the final chapter of the Avataṃsaka Sūtra, the Gaṇḍavyūha Sūtra, where the chapter's protagonist journeys to seek the advice of Avalokiteśvara.
The Japanese scholar Shu Hikosaka, on the basis of his study of Buddhist scriptures, ancient Tamil literary sources, as well as field surveys, proposed the hypothesis that the ancient Mount Potalaka, the residence of Avalokiteśvara described in the Gaṇḍavyūha Sūtra and Xuanzang’s Great Tang Records on the Western Regions, is the real mountain Potikai or Potiyil situated near the town of Ambasamudram in the Tirunelveli District of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The mountain is located in an area within the Singampatti Zamindar Forest.[2] Shu also says that Mount Potiyil/Potalaka has been a sacred place for the people of South India from time immemorial.[2]
With the spread of Buddhism in the region beginning at the time of the great king Aśoka in the third century BCE, it became a holy place also for Buddhists who gradually became dominant as a number of their hermits settled there. The local people, though, mainly remained followers of Hinduism. [3]
Local traditions
Model of Mount Putuo island
Later Japanese Buddhists, such as the Japanese Yogacara monk Jōkei, espoused aspiring rebirth on Mount Potalaka as an easier way to attain progress on the Buddhist path than the more well-known pure land of Amitābha.[4]
Places named after Mount Potalaka include:
Mount Putuo in Zhejiang
Putuo Zongcheng Temple in Hebei
Potala Palace in Tibet
Naksansa in South Korea
Futarasan jinja in Nikkō
Fudarakusan-ji in Nachikatsuura
Notes
Lokesh CHANDRA, The Thousand-Armed Avalokiteśvara, New Delhi: Abdhinav Publications/ Indira Gandhi National Center for the Arts, 1988, p. 35;
Hikosaka, Shu. "The Potiyil Mountain in Tamil Nadu and the Origin of the Avalokiteśvara Cult." Buddhism in Tamil Nadu: Collected Papers. Chennai, India: Institute of Asian Studies, 1998. 119-41.
Läänemets, Märt (2006). "Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara in the Gandavyuha Sutra". Chung-Hwa Buddhist Studies. Retrieved 2009-09-12.
Ford, James L. (2006). Jokei and Buddhist Devotion in Early Medieval Japan. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 47–50, 101–138. ISBN 0-19-518814-4.
Categories: AvalokiteśvaraMountains in BuddhismMythological mountains
補陀落（ふだらく、梵: Potalaka）は、観音菩薩の降臨する霊場であり[1]、観音菩薩の降り立つとされる伝説上の山である[2]。その山の形状は八角形であるという[3]。インドの南端の海岸にあるとされた[3]。補陀落山（ふだらくせん）とも称す[3]。
名称
「補陀落」は、サンスクリット語（梵語）のポータラカ (Potalaka) の音訳である[3]。他の音写には補怛洛伽、普陀洛、普陀落など多数がある[要出典]。義訳は光明山、海島山、小花樹山など[3]。英語では、Mount Potalaka と呼ばれる[要出典]。
概要
補陀落は実叉難陀訳『大方広仏華厳経』「入法界品」、般若訳『大方広仏華厳経』「入法界品」、『千手経』、『陀羅尼集経』2など、多数の経論に見られる。『陀羅尼集経』の註によると海島ともいい、『大唐西域記』によると南インドの海浜の山の東にあるという[4][要出典]。八角の形状をした山であるといわれる[3]。興福寺の南円堂の円形はこれを模している。
玄奘は『大唐西域記』巻第十で、補陀落〔布怛落迦〕山は南インドのマラヤ〔秣剌耶〕山の東にあると記している（マラヤ山はケーララ州のカルダモン丘陵に当たるとされる）[5]。その場所を特定しようとする試みや研究もあり[2]、スリランカがあてられることもあった。彦坂周はタミル・ナードゥ州南端のポディイル山に比定した[6]。観音信仰が隆盛になると霊地として「補陀落」の名称が各地で広まった[2]。特に中国では現在の浙江省にある舟山群島を補陀落（普陀山）として遠隔地にまで観音信仰が広がった。
また、日本でも熊野や日光が補陀落になぞらえられ、信仰を集めた。なお、日光という地名は、補陀落～二荒（ふたら）～二荒（にこう）～日光となったという説もある[2]。中世には、観音信仰に基づき、熊野灘や足摺岬などから小船に乗って補陀落を目指す、「補陀落渡海」が盛んに行われた。
なお、チベットも観音信仰の地として知られるが、ラサにあるポタラ宮の名も、サンスクリット語の「ポータラカ」に由来する[2]。