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For shoppers who might consider an electric vehicle if not for the dread range anxiety, much blame can be assigned to the best battery that electro-chemists and engineers have developed for mass production: the lithium-ion battery.
But science may find a way. Researchers at the University of St. Andrews have demonstrated an early form of a much more capable electrochemical cell, based around the lithium-air battery. A lithium-air battery pack could provide four to 10 times more energy density per mass unit than conventional lithium-ion batteries can, the researchers claim.
“We know that lithium-ion has limits,” Peter G. Bruce, a chemist at the University of St. Andrews, in Fife, Scotland, and a battery such as Hp Pavilion dv2 battery , Hp Pavilion dv2z battery , Hp HSTNN-XB87 battery , Hp NB800AA battery , Hp HSTNN-Q21C battery , Hp HSTNN-IB40 battery , Hp Pavilion dv8100 battery , Hp Pavilion dv8200 battery , Hp Pavilion dv8300 battery , Hp 580029-001 battery , Hp Pavilion DV5000 battery , Hp Pavilion ZE2200 battery specialist “for longer than I care to think of,” said in a telephone interview. “We need to go beyond the 300-mile driving range for E.V.’s, so we need a transformational shift. Lithium-air batteries have the potential to provide it,” he said.
Lithium, the lowest-density metal on the periodic table, offers the greatest electrochemical potential and therefore the best energy-to-weight ratio, so in theory it would be the ideal battery material for cars. Lithium is the reason, in essence, why lithium-ion batteries, which shift charges between electrodes in electrolyte-borne lithium ions, work as well as they do.
If successful, lithium-air batteries could do lithium-ion one better. A lithium-air battery pack would extract oxygen from the air to provide a charge source for one of the electrodes. Offloading this task would make the overall package lighter. The devices would be similar in design to the zinc-air batteries commonly used to power hearing-aids.
The trouble is that all previous attempts to build a lithium-air cell out of conventional lithium-ion materials failed after a charge cycle or two. The batteries simply decomposed, in what battery scientists would call an “unstable” chemical reaction.
Prof. Bruce and his colleagues recently took a significant step, however, toward stabilizing lithium-air batteries. In essentially a proof of concept, his team demonstrated the first repeated, reversible operation of a lithium-air battery. The researchers said in Science magazine that they ran a lithium-air lab cell for 100 charge-discharge cycles, during which it lost only 5 percent of its electrical capacity.
Notably, the new battery uses an organic solvent-based electrolyte, which differs from the traditional electrolytes used in lithium-ion batteries. Elsewhere in Europe, as well as in Asia and at institutions like I.B.M. Research Almaden, in San Jose, Calif., other research groups have recently claimed matching early-stage successes with stable, reversible lithium-air technology demonstrations using organic electrolytes.
Despite the claimed advance, Prof. Bruce notes that significant testing and refinement would have to occur before commercialization, let alone prototyping of a lithium-air battery pack, could occur. “The new lab cell is still far from a practical device,” he said. “We’re just now trying to address the fundamental science challenges.