６月の英検まであと４０日になりました
そろそろ、準１級の過去問を解いて、
難度と時間管理について分析しなければなりません
エッセイ対策もしないといけませんね
以下は以前に解いた１級の長文問題の復習です
英文読解の高地トレーニング その2
身の丈に合わない難しい問題も、一度関わったら、自分の血と肉に変わるまで復習したいと思います
2015年第3回英検1級(32)～(34)
Incarceration in the United States
第1段落
Although the United Sates accounts for just 5 persent of the world's population, it holds nearly a quarter of the world's prisoners. With around 2.2 million inmates, it incarcerates more of its citizens than any other nation. This statistic becomes even more astonishing in light of the fact that during the 1970s, there were only about 300,000 prisoners in the U.S. penal system. The rise has left correctional facilities bursting at the seams, drained the nation financially, and drawn intense criticism internationally.
（補足）
☆Incarceration 投獄 監獄
☆inmates 収容者
☆astonishing 驚くばかりの めざましい
☆penal system 矯正施設
☆correctional 矯正の 懲らしめの
☆bursting at the seams 超満員の パンク状態
☆drained drainの過去分詞 排出させる
☆drawn drawnの過去分詞 引っ張る けん引する
第2段落
Media coverage commonly ascribes the growth of incareration rates to a crackdown on illegal narcotics by federal authorities. Stricter federal drug laws in the 1980s saw the start of a dramatic increase in the number of citizens imprisoned for drug-related offenses, as prison terms began to be imposed not only on dealers of highly addictive drug such as heroin but also on those possessing small quantities of softer drugs. Statistics appear to confirm the widely accepted theory: the proportion of inmates in federal prisons for narcotics-related offenses went from 16 percent in 1980 to over 50 percent in 2012. Though drug use has risen appreciably, the United States has been locking up many more drug users.
☆ascribes ascribe ～のせいにする
☆crackdown 取り締まり 締め付け 弾圧
☆narcotics 麻薬 催眠剤
☆imprisoned imprisonの過去形 収監する
☆offenses 違反 反則
☆prison terms 刑期
☆the widely accepted theory 通説
☆locking up lock up 収監する
(32)
According to the media, the rise in U.S. prison population can mainly be attributed to the fact that
1.a sudden rise in the number of people using dangerous drugs led to public outcry for harsher sentences for drug trafficking.
2.new reserch demonstrating the effectiveness of imprisonment let to calls for more severe punishment for drug convictions in general.
3.improvements in policing techniques allowed authorities to arrest a greater number of both drug users and drug dealers.
4.changes in government policy led to the imprisonment of drug users who would not previously have received prison sentences.
☆outcry (大衆の)抗議
☆harsher harshの比較級 耳障りな 不快な
☆drug trafficking 麻薬密売 麻薬取引
☆arrest 逮捕する
問題(32)の解答へのたぶんプロセス
mediaについての内容は第2段落そのものでした
1、危険麻薬の使用者増加が、大衆の抗議につながるという記述ない
2、収監効果の研究から、刑を重くすることを要求したという記述ない
3、improvements in policing techniques「操作技術の向上」の記述ない
4が答え、Stricter federal drug lawsをchanges in government policyに言い換えている 又、第2段落の2番目の下線部but also～の「中毒性の低い麻薬の少量利用の人も」刑に問われ始めたこと
第3段落
Federal prison inmates-those convicted of federal crimes such as drug trafficking or interstate fraud-account for only about 10 percent of the nation's total, however. The overwhelming majority of the country's inmates are housed in state prisons, where the rank of prisoners convicted for non-drug offenses such as property crimes and assault have far outstripped the number of drug offenses such as property crime rate did rise from the 1960s to the early 1990s, which resulted in more offenders being incracerated. But then it began to fall, even as the number of inmtes in both federal and state prisons exploded.
☆drug trafficking 麻薬密売 麻薬取引
☆interstate 各州の
☆overwhelming 圧倒的な 抵抗できない
☆housed house 収容する
☆assault 暴行
☆outstripped outstripの過去分詞 追い越す
☆exploded explode の過去形 爆発する
(33)
What does the author of the passage imply about the increase in prisoners who have been convicted of drug offenses?
1.The increase in the number of drug offenders in federal prisons has not had a significant effect on the growth of the U.S. prison population as a whole.
2.Efforts to expand state prisons have helped to remove some of the burden from federally operated prisons crowded with drug offenders.
3.The decline in inmates in state prisons for drug offenders has been less signficant than the dramatic rise in federally convicted drug offenders.
4.Sate governments' enthusiasm for imprisoning drug offenders appears to have had a major influence on federal drug-sentencing policies.
☆burden 重荷
問題(33)はimply問題
2、州刑務所の拡張の話は記述ない
3、第3段落の２文目で、The overwhelming majority of the country's inmates are housed in state prisonsのように、連邦刑務所に比べ、州刑務所では圧倒的に多かったので✖
4、州政府のdrug offendersに対する収監の熱心さが連邦の麻薬に関する法律影響を与えたという記述はないので✕
1、第3段落２行目のaccount for only about 10 percent of the nation's totalのように Federal prisonにおける麻薬取引や州をまたぐ詐欺での収監は国内の10％にすぎないよなっているので、答えは1。
第4段落
John Pfaff of Fordham Law School in New York lays the blame for the expansion of the prison population on prosecutors. These officials decide whether a crime should be handled as a felony - punishable by more a year in prison in most states- or as a misdemeanor, which is generally subject to a fine or a short sentence. Since the mid-1990s, average sentence lengths have remained stable, yet increase in the rate at which prosecutors have been filing felony charges against people accused of crimes such as vandalism and theft, which may be charged as misdemeanors when circumstances warrant, have shown a storong correlation with the growth in the prison population.
☆lay （他動）～帰する ～のせいだ
☆prosecutors 検察官 検事
☆felony 重罪
☆misdemeanor 非行 軽犯罪
☆charges 容疑
☆accused 告発された 被疑者の
☆vandalism 暴力行為
☆warrant （動）正当とする （名）令状
☆correlation 相関性
最終段落
Academics like Pfaff hypothesize that prosecutors feel taking a tough-on-crime stance will help them advance professionally. "For a long time, prosecutors have defined themselves through conviction rates and winning the big cases with the big sentense," say Nicolas Turner, president of the Vera Institute of Justice, a research and policy group based in New York City. "But the evidence is certainly tipping that the attainment of safty and justice requires more than just putting people in prison for a long time." Options such as alternatives to incarceration, as well as providing guidelines and oversight to prevent the abuse of prosecutorial power, need to be examined as potential solutions to the nation's overcrowded prisons.
☆hypothesize 仮説を設ける
☆defined defineの過去分詞 定義する
☆conviction rates 裁判での有罪率
☆attainment 到達 達成
☆oversight 監視 監督
☆abuse 乱用する 悪用する
(34)
What does John Pfaff believe is the main reason more people have been sentenced to prison in recent years?
1.
Hoping to futher their careers, prosecutors are tending to be more aggressive in their handling of criminal cases.
2.In an effort to win elections, politicians have been putting pressure on prosecutors to raise their conviction rates.
3.The failure of programs designed to provide alternatives to prisons has left posecutors no choice but to push for more prison sentences.
4.The federal government has urged prosecutors to seek longer prison terms as a possible solution to address the nation's drug problem.
☆push for せきたてる 強要する
☆prison sentences 禁固刑
問題(34)の解答へのたぶんプロセス
2、選挙に勝つためにという記述はなかった
3、最終段落の最後の文でOptions such as alternatives to incarceration, 中略to prevent the abuse of prosecutorial powerとなっているので、さらに禁固刑をpush for することはないということで✕
4、4の内容はto address the nation's drug problemではなく、to be examined as potential solutions to the nation's overcrowded prisonsなので✕
1、第４段落の１文目 John Pfaff～lays the blame for the expansion of the prison population on prosecutors.「収監者の増加の責任は検察のせい」とあり、また、最終段落の１文目に prosecutors feel taking a tough-on-crime stance will help them advance professionally.「犯罪に対して厳しい立場をとることは、職業上自分たちを昇進させるの役立つ」とあるので、答えは1。
以上
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