2PP041623

Fill in the blanks.

   How do drugs actually (        )? Scientists in the early 20th century realized that in order for a drug to exert its (        )(       ), human cells must have a site for the recognition and acceptance of a (        ) type of drug. This site of drug action is termed a (       ), and drug-receptor interactions have now become the focus of research for new drugs and

are important in (        ) settings.

   Receptors which are the primary targets of the majority of drugs are biological (           ) that have evolved specifically for (          ) communication to maintain life. Basically, the biological function of these receptors is to respond to the body's own chemical messengers such as (         ) or neurotransmitters. When binding takes place,

it triggers a series of biochemical and physiological changes known as a response.

   Drugs which bind with receptors and mimic the effects of hormones or neurotransmitters are called (       ). Drugs which bind to the receptors but do not have the unique structural (       ) necessary to activate them are called (          ). Since antagonists occupy the binding site of the receptors, they prevent (          ) by agonists.

   Based on their locations, receptors are classified into two groups: membrane and (           ) receptors. While membrane receptors are located on the cell (           ), intracellular receptors are located in the (           ). The intracellular receptors are separated into two classes and both are called (           ) receptors. Class I nuclear receptors are located in the cytoplasm, and after (         ) bind to them, receptor-ligand complexes migrate into the nucleus and bind to DNA, resulting in up- or down-regulation of gene (           ). Class II nuclear receptors are located in the nucleus (       ) to DNA and upon ligand binding, they are activated to regulate the expression of specific (       ).

genes    bound    expressions  　 ligands    nuclear    cytoplasm   membrane    intracellular   activation    features    

antagonists 　　agonists    hormones    intercellular    macromolecules   clinical   receptor   specific   

elective   action   work

2PP再試験に関してアドバイス

　こんにちは。皆さん、元気に頑張っておられますか？

今日は、再試験についてです。

　再試験は本試験と出題範囲・方針とも変わりません。

従って、本試験前に配信された留意事項を再度よく確認して準備して下さい。
　そして、当然ですが、諸君各々が本試験でできなかった部分をできるようにしておく必要があるでしょう。

　では、準備方、よろしく願います。

2PP070321 確認用英文です

Please check the words and phrases that should be entered in each blank 

of the handout. Here, they are underlined.

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The world's only Flying Eye Hospital was recently upgraded in a newly outfitted MD-10 aircraft to take medical workers to countries around the world for screenings and operations. Outside the flying hospital, conditions can be basic. ― Dr. Daniel Neely, volunteer eye surgeon: “You know, you can be in Zambia and the power goes out in the middle of the surgery. You can be there needing to scrub your hands for the surgery and you have to use a bucket of water because the water's gone out.” Partnering with local clinics and hospitals, Orbis works in Cameroon, Ethiopia, Ghana and Latin America. ― Dr. Jonathan Lord, global medical director Orbis: “You've then got Asia, where we work in China, we work in Vietnam. We have projects running in India, in Bangladesh. We work in Indonesia, so we take the plane wherever our gap analysis, wherever the needs analysis says we can be of help.” More than 285 million people around the world are visually impaired, most in low-income countries. Eighty percent of visual impairment problems can be prevented or cured. Among those helping out are volunteer pilots. Captain Gary Dyson flies cargo planes for FedEx, but takes time off to fly for Orbis. ― Captain Gary Dyson, volunteer pilot. “When you see a child who can't see on Monday and they can see on Wednesday, you're hooked. You want to see it again and again.” After an operation, the improvement can be dramatic, says a volunteer surgeon. ― Dr. Rosalind Stevens, volunteer surgeon. “And when we remove the patch the next day, frequently the patient breaks into a big smile.” Orbis provides advanced medical training for local doctors and nurses in an onboard classroom that is linked electronically to the plane's operating room. ― Bob Ranck, Orbis CEO. “We teach others to save and restore vision. And we teach health care systems to make it a priority, so the prevalence of blindness in their country will come down.” The newest version of the flying hospital in a plane donated by FedEx will make preliminary flights to several US cities, then head to Shenyang, China in September. 注）Orbis/失明防止を目的とする国際的非政府組織。非営利で空飛ぶ眼科を運営する。 　　FedEx/物流サービスを提供する会社。