ハーバードビジネスのボールドウィン先生の
共著論文です。
Working paper: Measuring and Understanding Hierarchy as an Architectural Element in Industry Sectors
http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/6236.html
Download the
http://www.hbs.edu/research/pdf/09-144.pdf
In an industry setting, classic supply chains display strict hierarchy, whereas clusters of firms have linkages going in many different directions.
HBS professor Carliss Y. Baldwin and colleagues use network analysis to study multilayer industries both empirically (in the case of Japan) and theoretically and to explore how industries are organized at the sector level in an attempt to reveal the underlying rules that determine how industry architectures form and change.