Professor Kamuro's near-future science predictions:
A Comprehensive Analysis of Ammonia-Based Power Generation Systems: Advantages, Challenges, and Comparisons with Other Renewable Energy Sources
- Ammonia Combined Heat and Power Generation System vs. Closed-Cycle Heat Exchange Power Generation System with a Binary Engine (the CHEGPG System) -
Quantum Physicist and Brain Scientist
Visiting Professor of Quantum Physics,
California Institute of Technology
IEEE-USA Fellow
American Physical Society-USA Fellow
PhD. & Dr. Kazuto Kamuro
AERI：Artificial Evolution Research Institute
Pasadena, California
HP: https://www.aeri-japan.com/
and
Xyronix Corporation
Pasadena, California
HP: https://www.usaxyronix.com/
Foreword
A. Professor Kamuro's near-future science predictions, provided by CALTECH professor Kazuto Kamuro(Doctor of Engineering (D.Eng.) and Ph.D. in Quantum Physics, Semiconductor Physics, and Quantum Optics), Chief Researcher at the Artificial Evolution Research Institute (AERI, https://www.aeri-japan.com/) and Xyronix Corporation(specializing in the design of a. Neural Connection LSI, b. BCI LSI（Brain-Computer Interface LSI） (Large Scale Integrated Circuits) , and c. bio-computer semiconductor technology that directly connects bio-semiconductors, serving as neural connectors, to the brain's nerves at the nano scale, https://www.usaxyronix.com/), are based on research and development achievements in cutting-edge fields such as quantum physics, biophysics, neuroscience, artificial brain studies, intelligent biocomputing, next-generation technologies, quantum semiconductors, satellite optoelectronics, quantum optics, quantum computing science, brain computing science, nano-sized semiconductors, ultra-large-scale integration engineering, non-destructive testing, lifespan prediction engineering, ultra-short pulses, and high-power laser science.
The Artificial Evolution Research Institute (AERI) and Xyronix Corporation employ over 160 individuals with Ph.D.s in quantum brain science, quantum neurology, quantum cognitive science, molecular biology, electronic and electrical engineering, applied physics, information technology (IT), data science, communication engineering, semiconductor and materials engineering. They also have more than 190 individuals with doctoral degrees in engineering and over 230 engineers, including those specializing in software, network, and system engineering, as well as programmers, dedicated to advancing research and development.
Building on the outcomes in unexplored and extreme territories within these advanced research domains, AERI and Xyronix Corporation aim to provide opportunities for postgraduate researchers in engineering disciplines. Through achievements in areas such as the 6th generation computer, nuclear deterrence, military unmanned systems, missile defense, renewable and clean energy, climate change mitigation, environmental conservation, Green Transformation (GX), and national resilience, the primary objective is to furnish scholars with genuine opportunities for learning and discovery. The overarching goal is to transform them from 'reeds that have just begun to take a step as reeds capable of thinking' into 'reeds that think, act, and relentlessly pursue growth.' This initiative aims to impart a guiding philosophy for complete metamorphosis and to provide guidance for venturing into unexplored and extreme territories, aspiring to fulfill the role of pioneers in this new era.
B. In the cutting-edge research domain, the Artificial Evolution Research Institute (AERI) and Xyronix Corporation have made notable advancements in various fields. Some examples include:
1. AERI･HEL (Petawatt-class Ultra-High Power Terawatt-class Ultra-High Power
Femtosecond Laser)
◦ Petawatt-class ultra-high power terawatt-class ultra-short pulse laser (AERI･HEL)
2. 6th Generation Computer&Computing
◦ Consciousness-driven Bio-Computer
◦ Brain Implant Bio-Computer
3. Carbon-neutral AERI synthetic fuel chemical process
(Green Transformation (GX) technology)
◦ Production of synthetic fuel (LNG methanol) through CO₂ recovery system (DAC)
4. Green Synthetic Fuel Production Technology(Green Transformation (GX) technology)
◦ Carbon-neutral, carbon-recycling system-type AERI synthetic fuel chemical process
5. Direct Air Capture Technology (DAC)
◦ Carbon-neutral, carbon-recycling carbon dioxide circulation recovery system
6. Bio-LSI・Semiconductors
◦ Neural connection element directly connecting bio-semiconductors and brain nerves
on a nanoscale
◦ Brain LSI Chip Set, Bio-Computer LSI, BMI LSI, BCI LSI, Brain Computing LSI,
Brain Implant LSI
7. CHEGPG System (Closed Cycle Heat Exchange Power Generation System with
Thermal Regenerative Binary Engine)
◦ Power generation capability of Terawatt (TW), annual power generation of
10,000 TWh (terawatt-hour) class
◦ 1 to 0.01 yen/kWh, infinitely clean energy source, renewable energy source
8. Consciousness-Driven Generative Autonomous Robot
9. Brain Implemented Robot･Cybernetic Soldier
10. Generative Robot, Generative Android Army, Generative Android
11. High-Altitude Missile Initial Intercept System, Enemy Base Neutralization System,
Nuclear and Conventional Weapon Neutralization System, Next-Generation
Interception Laser System for ICBMs, Next-Generation Interception Laser System
for Combat Aircraft
12. Boost Phase, Mid-Course Phase, Terminal Phase Ballistic Missile Interception System
13. Volcanic Microseismic Laser Remote Sensing
14. Volcanic Eruption Prediction Technology, Eruption Precursor Detection System
15. Mega Earthquake Precursor and Prediction System
16. Laser Degradation Diagnosis, Non-Destructive Inspection System
17. Ultra-Low-Altitude Satellite, Ultra-High-Speed Moving Object
Non-Destructive Inspection System
✼••┈┈••✼••┈┈••✼••┈┈••✼••┈┈••✼••┈┈••✼••┈┈••✼
A Comprehensive Analysis of Ammonia-Based Power Generation Systems: Advantages, Challenges, and Comparisons with Other Renewable Energy Sources
- Ammonia Combined Heat and Power Generation System vs. Closed-Cycle Heat Exchange Power Generation System with a Binary Engine (the CHEGPG System) -
Abstract: This scientific paper investigates the Ammonia Power Generation Method, a novel approach utilizing ammonia as a fuel for electricity generation. Focused on both co-firing and dedicated ammonia combustion power generation, the study delves into the advantages, such as zero CO₂ emissions and effective utilization of existing facilities, alongside the challenges, including nitrogen oxide emissions and the need for a reliable ammonia supply chain. Additionally, the paper compares the Ammonia Power Generation Method with other renewable energy sources like solar, hydro, wind, and biomass power generation. The discussion incorporates the revolutionary Carbon-Free Infinite Energy Source, CHEGPG Geothermal Power Generation Method, providing insights into its ultra-low-cost, carbon-free energy production and addressing challenges related to ammonia thermal power generation. The paper emphasizes the importance of sustainable and efficient energy solutions in addressing the global energy transition.
1. What is the Ammonia Power Generation Method?
・The Ammonia Power Generation Method is a type of power generation that involves burning ammonia as a fuel. Ammonia is a colorless and transparent gas at room temperature and standard pressure, and it is known for its distinct pungent odor. Many people associate it with the image of a "strong-smelling toxic substance.
・Ammonia co-firing power generation is a method of ammonia power generation in which ammonia is mixed with the fuel used in gas turbine generation or coal-fired power generation and then burned.
・In 2014, Japanese scientists achieved the world's first gas turbine power generation using ammonia as a fuel. Gas turbine power generation is a method of generating electricity by turning a turbine with the gas produced when fuel is burned. In this groundbreaking development, they successfully generated electricity using ammonia for 30% of the fuel.
・Currently, the most advanced technology in the field of ammonia power generation is ammonia co-firing power generation, where ammonia is mixed with the fuel used in gas turbine generation or coal-fired power generation to produce electricity. Using ammonia as a significant part of the fuel in power generation holds the potential for reducing CO2 emissions. Furthermore, research is also being conducted on dedicated ammonia combustion power generation, where ammonia alone is used as the fuel, not just as part of a mixture.
2. Characteristics of Ammonia Thermal Power Generation
A. The reason why the Ammonia Thermal Power Generation Method is gaining attention is due to the following advantages:
a. It does not emit CO₂ during electricity generation.
b. It is easier to transport and cost-effective compared to hydrogen (H₂).
c. It allows for the effective utilization of existing facilities.
d. It does not emit CO₂ during power generation.
e. Ammonia as a fuel is carbon-free, and ammonia does not produce CO₂ during combustion.
B. Consequently, it is estimated that if a 20% ammonia co-firing were implemented in all major domestic coal-fired power plants, approximately 40 million tons of CO₂ could be reduced. By increasing the proportion of ammonia, even greater CO₂ reductions are achievable. Furthermore, it is projected that if dedicated ammonia combustion power generation were realized, reducing CO₂ emissions by approximately 200 million tons would be feasible.
3. The Carbon-Free Infinite Energy Source, CHEGPG Geothermal Power Generation Method, Comes with Zero Transportation Costs
a. Ammonia, which is emerging as an alternative fuel to hydrogen in fuel cells, is favored due to its ease of transport and cost-effectiveness.
・Hydrogen offers numerous advantages, but it presents challenges due to its extremely low liquefaction temperature of minus 270 degrees Celsius, making transportation and storage difficult and increasing storage costs accordingly.
・Ammonia, in comparison to hydrogen, is relatively easier to transport and store. Additionally, its long history of use as a fertilizer has led to well-established technologies for its production, transportation, and storage.
・In contrast, the energy source used in the Carbon-Free Infinite Energy Source (CHEGPG) Geothermal Power Generation Method is geothermal energy extracted from deep underground. This eliminates the need for transportation and storage. Consequently, there are no transportation methods or storage facilities in place, resulting in zero transportation and storage costs.
b. The CHEGPG (Geothermal Power Generation Method) - An Ultra-Low-Cost, Carbon-Free, and Infinite Energy Source, ranging from 1 yen/kWh to 0.01 yen/kWh
・The cost of hydrogen power generation is approximately 97.3 yen per kWh (as of 2020).
・Even with the most cost-effective approach, which is the dedicated ammonia combustion power generation method, the cost of electricity generation stands at approximately 23.5 yen per kWh (as of the fiscal year 2018 estimate). In ammonia thermal power generation, there are also proposed methods to transport hydrogen by converting it into ammonia, given that ammonia contains hydrogen within its molecular formula, and subsequently extracting hydrogen from it.
・The AERI Synthetic Fuel Chemical Process (Green Synthetic Fuel Production Technology) is capable of producing green synthetic fuels such as green methanol, green LPG, and green LNG, utilizing the abundant, ultra-low-cost power generated by renewable CHEGPG electricity, which ranges from 1 yen/kWh to 0.01 yen/kWh. Furthermore, it leverages a carbon-neutral and carbon-recycling carbon dioxide circulation and recovery system (CO2 recovery system) to collect an unlimited quantity of CO₂.
The CHEGPG (Geothermal Power Generation Method) can achieve 24/7, year-round, ultra-low-cost, carbon-free, and infinite electric energy, ranging from 1 yen to 0.01 yen per kWh, utilizing these green synthetic fuels. It has the capacity to generate power on a terawatt (TW) scale, producing an annual electricity output of 10,000 TWh (terawatt-hours).
・The ammonia thermal power generation method poses the risk of disrupting the supply-demand balance and causing price surges if a substantial amount of ammonia for fuel is procured from the current market. This could have repercussions in many sectors that rely on ammonia as a raw material. Particularly, if the prices of ammonia-based fertilizers were to spike, it could lead to an increase in food prices. To secure a large-scale supply of ammonia for fuel, it is imperative to establish a new production infrastructure.
・Furthermore, even if a reliable source of ammonia fuel is secured for ammonia thermal power generation, the cost of electricity generation is expected to be higher compared to existing thermal power generation methods. In the case of co-firing ammonia thermal power generation with a 20% ammonia mixture, the generation cost is estimated to be around 1.2 times that of coal-fired power generation. Should this evolve into a 100% ammonia-dedicated power generation method, the generation cost would increase significantly, surpassing more than twice that of coal-fired power generation. To enable large-scale ammonia production for fuel, further cost reduction measures would be necessary.
c. The CHEGPG Geothermal Power Generation Method can effectively utilize existing facilities
The thermal power generation method is a process that converts heat energy obtained from various sources, including fossil fuels (such as oil, coal, and natural gas) and biomass, into electricity.
・The CHEGPG Geothermal Power Generation Method, which generates electricity by burning green synthetic fuels such as green methanol, green LPG, and green LNG, can repurpose the steam turbine section and beyond of existing coal and natural gas power generation facilities.
・Similarly, in the ammonia thermal power generation method, when co-firing ammonia in the boiler of a conventional thermal power plant, the necessary modifications primarily involve altering components such as the burner.
・Both the CHEGPG Geothermal Power Generation Method and the Ammonia Thermal Power Generation Method allow for minimal additional infrastructure and initial investment, eliminating the need for decommissioning existing thermal power plants.
4. Drawbacks of the Ammonia Thermal Power Generation Method
a. Emissions of nitrogen oxides during electricity generation
・Ammonia, due to its nitrogen content, possesses a nature of emitting harmful nitrogen oxides (NOx) when combusted. Nitrogen oxides are generated from various sources, including industrial facilities and vehicle exhaust. Elevated concentrations of nitrogen dioxide can adversely affect the respiratory system, including the throat, trachea, and lungs, and contribute to environmental issues such as photochemical smog, acid rain, and global warming. Controlling and reducing the emission of nitrogen oxides is essential for the practical implementation of the Ammonia Thermal Power Generation Method.
・One major concern associated with ammonia thermal power generation is the emission of nitrogen oxides during combustion. When these nitrogen oxides are inhaled, they can potentially lead to respiratory disorders in the human body. Furthermore, nitrogen oxides are known to contribute to issues such as photochemical smog and acid rain, raising concerns about their adverse effects on the natural environment. While ammonia thermal power generation has garnered attention for its lack of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, it is also under scrutiny for its potentially significant negative impacts on human health and the natural environment, including contributions to global warming.
b. Emission of CO₂ during ammonia production
・Ammonia does not emit carbon dioxide (CO₂) when burned, but in reality, it does emit CO₂ during its production process due to the use of fossil fuels.
・For example, the Haber-Bosch process, which synthesizes nitrogen, involves the reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen under high temperature and pressure to produce ammonia. As a result, this process consumes a significant amount of energy. While the ammonia thermal power generation method itself does not emit CO₂, it does generate a substantial amount of CO₂ during its production process.
・Therefore, efforts to address this issue include capturing the CO₂ produced during the manufacturing process and sequestering it underground, as well as using carbon-neutral and carbon-recycling systems powered by renewable energy. AERI is actively engaged in research and development of the Carbon-Neutral Carbon Recycling System-type AERI Synthetic Fuel Chemical Process (Green Synthetic Fuel Production Technology).
・Worldwide ammonia production results in the annual emission of 500 million tons of CO₂, equivalent to approximately 2% of the global annual carbon dioxide emissions.
・In Japan, to implement ammonia thermal power generation, increasing the production of ammonia as a fuel would lead to a further increase in CO₂ emissions during the production process. To achieve decarbonization, it is essential that efforts be made to minimize CO₂ emissions during ammonia production, should ammonia thermal power generation be adopted.
・AERI is actively involved in the recovery of CO₂ from the atmosphere using a Carbon-Neutral Carbon Recycling Carbon Dioxide Circulation and Recovery System (CO₂ recovery system).
・AERI utilizes renewable CHEGPG electricity, which ranges from 1 yen/kWh to 0.01 yen/kWh, offering an infinite and ultra-low-cost power source. It combines this power with a Carbon-Neutral Carbon Recycling Carbon Dioxide Circulation and Recovery System (CO₂ recovery system) to collect an abundant supply of CO₂ from the atmosphere. This collected CO₂ is used in the AERI Synthetic Fuel Chemical Process (Green Synthetic Fuel Production Technology) to produce green synthetic fuels such as green methanol, green LPG, and green LNG.
・The green synthetic fuels such as green methanol, green LPG, and green LNG are used as fuels in land transportation (freight trucks), maritime shipping (tankers, cargo ships), and aviation (airplanes, transport aircraft).
c. Other Challenges to Address for the Practical Implementation of the Ammonia Thermal Power Generation Method
Securing Ammonia Supply
・If research on the ammonia thermal power generation method advances and it becomes practical, there is a concern of ammonia supply shortages. For instance, if ammonia were to be co-fired at 20% in all major domestic coal-fired power plants, it would require approximately 20 million tons of ammonia annually.
・This quantity is equivalent to the entire world's current trade volume, and it would be impossible for Japan alone to fulfill this demand. If the co-firing rate were to increase, the shortage would become even more severe. In 2019, global ammonia production amounted to approximately 200 million tons. Major producing countries include large nations like China, Russia, the United States, and India, with these four countries accounting for more than half of the world's total production.
・For the practical implementation of the ammonia thermal power generation method, it is essential to focus on long-term control of procurement quantities and diversification of procurement sources.
d. The potential for large-scale power generation remains uncertain
・In the field of ammonia thermal power generation, Japan's research has primarily involved small-scale test reactors. Large-scale power generation for practical use remains in the early stages, and whether it can be realized on a large scale is still uncertain.
・In the future, further experiments, including trials involving the co-firing of ammonia in operational power plants, will be necessary.
5. Other Renewable Energy Sources
The ammonia thermal power generation method is still in the early stages of development, but there are already several other renewable energy sources that have been commercialized.
a. Solar Power Generation
・Solar power generation is a method of generating electricity by converting solar energy from the sun into electrical energy using solar panels. One significant feature of solar power generation, unlike the ammonia thermal power generation method, is that it does not emit nitrogen compounds in addition to CO₂. Since it does not require fuel or a combustion chamber, it is also effective as an emergency power source during disasters.
・On the other hand, one drawback of solar power generation is its variability in output due to weather conditions. It cannot generate power on cloudy days or at night, making it less reliable in this aspect compared to the ammonia thermal power generation method.
b. Hydro Power Generation
・Hydro power generation involves the use of falling water from a high point to a lower point to turn a water wheel, which, in turn, rotates a generator to produce electricity. One significant advantage is its ability to consistently generate a substantial amount of electricity, providing the stability that the ammonia thermal power generation method aims for.
・However, the construction of dams for hydro power can pose a risk to the natural environment and the living conditions of local residents. Therefore, consensus and careful consideration are required when planning such installations.
c. Wind Power Generation
・Wind power generation involves using the wind to turn wind turbines and convert rotational energy into electrical energy. One notable feature is that, unlike solar power generation, it can produce electricity even at night and in offshore locations.
・However, like solar power generation, the output of wind power generation can become unstable depending on weather conditions, particularly the wind conditions.
d. Biomass Power Generation
・Biomass power generation is a method of producing electricity by burning or gasifying organic resources like wood. While it involves burning fuel and using a turbine, similar to CHEGPG geothermal power generation, conventional power generation, and ammonia-based power generation, its principles align.
・It offers several advantages, including independence from weather conditions, effective utilization of organic resources, and environmental friendliness, embodying a circular economy. Although carbon dioxide (CO₂) is emitted during combustion, the key feature of biomass fuel power generation is that the plants or trees used as biomass absorb CO₂ during their growth. This results in a net-zero or even a net-negative impact on atmospheric CO₂ levels when viewed holistically.
END
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Quantum Brain Chipset & Bio Processor (BioVLSI)
♠♠♠ Kazuto Kamuro: Professor, PhD, and Doctor of Engineering ♠♠♠
・Doctor of Engineering (D.Eng.) and Ph.D. in Quantum Physics, Semiconductor Physics, and Quantum Optics
・Quantum Physicist and Brain Scientist involved in CALTECH & AERI
・Associate Professor of Quantum Physics, California Institute of Technology（CALTECH）
・Associate Professor and Brain Scientist in Artificial Evolution Research Institute（ AERI: https://www.aeri-japan.com/ ）
・Chief Researcher at Xyronix Corporation(https://www.usaxyronix.com/)
・IEEE-USA Fellow
・American Physical Society Fellow
・email: info@aeri-japan.com
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【Keywords】
・Artificial Evolution Research Institute: AERI, Pasadena, California
HP: https://www.aeri-japan.com/
・Xyronix Corporation, Pasadena, California
HP: https://www.usaxyronix.com/
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