Lesson 131 動詞 -ing 形 その1 主語位置に置かれた動詞 -ing 形 /OPENING
Rosa: Ro, ro, Rosa Akino. Hey everyone, it's Rosa Akino. Ready to get started with brand new week?
Chris: What am I going to do with these two? You know, at least I present normality. Hello, everyone. I'm Chris Mcvay. Let's have a wonderful lesson. How normal is that?
Father: Stella, where are you going?
Stella: I'm going to the store to get some soda and snacks. I'm hungry.
Father: Are you riding your bike?
Stella: Of course. It's too far to walk. Unless you give me a ride?
Father: Ha-ha. No way. Oh, don't forget to wear your helmet, okay?
Stella: Dad, it's just a short ride. I'll be back in ten minutes.
Father: Riding a bike without a helmet is dangerous even for a short distance. You should wear your helmet.
Stella: Yeah, I guess you're right, dad. I'll wear it.
INTRODUCTION
Riding a bike without a helmet is dangerous.
Riding a bike without a helmetのニュアンス
Onishi: So what is a nuance of "riding a bike without a helmet" compared to, say, "to ride a bike without a helmet"?
Rosa: Well, it's like a cartoon in your head after realistic scene of riding a bike.
Chris: Yeah, I agree, Rosa. It's a much more real feeling as if it's happening right before your eyes.
Rosa: That's right.
頭の中でアニメが展開されているようなリアルな感触
WORDS AND PHRASESと解説
I'm going to the store to get some soda and snacks. I'm hungry.
to不定詞。動詞句I'm going to the storeをto get以下が説明。ここでは目的「～するために」
Unless you give me a ride?
unless もし～でなければ/～しない限り
No way 絶対ない/不可能だ/無理
Oh, don't forget to wear your helmet, okay?
Dad, it's just a short ride. I'll be back in ten minutes.
Riding a bike without a helmet is dangerous even for a short distance. You should wear your helmet
REAL GRAMMAR FOR COMMUNICATION
Riding a bike without a helmet is dangerous.
動詞 -ing 形も to 不定詞と同じように、ひとまとまりのフレーズを作ります。この文で動詞 -ing 形は主語の位置。riding a bike (without a helmet)自転車に乗るが主語
同じフレーズを目的語の位置に置けば目的語になる
I'm always shouting at my kids to stop riding their bikes without a helmet.
stopの目的語がriding their bikes without a helmetとなっている
修飾語の位置/名詞の後ろ、名詞を説明する位置。
Look at that guy riding a bike without a helmet.
that guyの後ろにriding a bike without a helmet「ヘルメットなしで自転車に乗っている、あの人」という修飾の働き
Anyone who spends even one minute riding a bike without a helmet is taking a big risk.
動詞句spends even one minuteを説明する位置にriding a bike without a helmet。
動詞 -ing 形の持つ特有のニュアンス
リアリティ: 具体的な出来事が、実際に起こっているという感触
リアルな状況があるとき、あるいは、生き生きとした場面が頭の中でアニメのように想像されるとき、動詞 -ing 形が好まれる
to不定詞との比較/漠然と「乗るということは」
To ride a bike without a helmet is dangerous.
to不定詞/交通安全教育での発言のように響く。
GRAMMAR IN ACTION:
1 笑うことはストレス解消の助けになりますよ
解消する→(困難や苦痛などを)取り除く relieve
Laughing helps relieve stress.
relieve は「(困難・苦痛などを）取り除く」。ホッとした感情が伴う。helps to relieve としても可だが、動詞原形のほうが頻繁。
Onishi: So Chris, Rosa, could you give me some alternatives for "relieve stress"?
Rosa: Sure. You could say, "reduce" or "get rid of the stress".
Chris: Yeah, and you could also say, "take away stress", for example.
2. 食べ過ぎは健康に悪い/「食べ過ぎることは」とing形を主語に置く
Eating too much is bad for your health.
eating too much はひとかたまり。動詞を中心とするフレーズを -ing のパッケージとして扱う感覚に慣れること。bad for your healthの代わりにunhealthyとしても可。
動名詞も現在分詞もingはing。to不定詞と同じように文中の場所によって機能が生まれている。
Onishi: Isn't it interesting that the "ing" fulfills different functions according to its position in a sentence?
Chris: Yeah, absolutely. It's very interesting and also we realize how simple English is.
Rosa: Guys, I'm hungry. You know, going for a long time without eating is bad for your health.
Chris: But, on the other hand, listening to our radio program ―
Rosa: Relieves stress!
Chris: And is great for your health, right?
Rosa: Indeed.
Lesson 132 動詞 -ing 形 その2/目的語位置に置かれた動詞 -ing 形/OPENING
Rosa: Hey everyone, this is Rosa Akino. Well, it another marvelous Tuesday. Great to have you back.
Chris: This is Chris Mcvay looking forward to another great lesson together.
Nina: Hiro, can I ask you a silly question?
Hiro: Sure, Nina. I always ask you silly questions. Go ahead.
Nina: Why do Japanese business people play so much golf?
Hiro: Well, it's because we try to develop business relationships over golf on weekends. But I don't really like playing golf for business. I like playing golf with my son.
Nina: Oh, Is he a good player?
Hiro: Yes, he wants to be a professional golfer in the future.
Nina: That's amazing! The training must be really tough.
Hiro: It is. But he enjoys it.
INTRODUCTION
I like playing golf with my son.
I like to play golf with my son.との違い
Onishi: So the verb like can take the "ing" and the "to infinitive". Do they share exactly the same meaning?
Rosa: No, they're a bit different.
Chris: Yeah, there's definitely a difference. Now here's a thing ―
Onishi: Hold on, hold on!Chris: What? Rosa: What?
Chris: Let me just explain.
Onishi: I will explain that later, okay? Chris: Oh!
WORDS AND PHRASESと解説
Sure, Nina. I always ask you silly questions. Go ahead. /Go ahead.は相手の行為を促す表現
Well, it's because we try to develop business relationships over golf on weekends.
try toは「(これから)～しようとする」toの「これから」感が生きている
over golfは「ゴルフをしながら」。overは覆うイメージの前置詞。ゴルフという出来事の最初から最後まで覆う、という感触で使われている
But I don't really like playing golf for business.
I don't really: 強い単語reallyがnotに否定されて「本当に～というわけではない」と部分否定になっている
REAL GRAMMAR FOR COMMUNICATION
I like playing golf with my son.
「動詞 -ing 形を目的語の位置.動詞 -ing 形 playing golf with my son（息子とゴルフをする）が like の後ろ、目的語の位置「息子とゴルフをするの(こと）が好き」。I like dogs.（犬が好き）と同じ。話し手は息子とゴルフをやっている様子を具体的に生き生きと想像しながら話しているのです。」
to 不定詞を使った次の文とは異なる。
I like to play golf with my son.
ただ漠然と「そうしたことが好き」と述べているのみ。実際にプレイしているリアルな想像は感じられない
前置詞の後ろの -ing 形
Thank you for helping us.
We are in charge of organizing the school festival.
前置詞の後ろの目的語の位置には動詞 -ing 形しか選ぶことはできない。to 不定詞は不可。to 不定詞の to は前置詞の to と同じように意識されている。前置詞を重ねることはできない。
GRAMMAR IN ACTION: 躍動的でリアルな状況
1. あら嫌だ!雨が降り始めた!: あら嫌だ! Oh no!
Oh no! It's started raining.
: startの目的語位置に動詞 -ing 形raining。
It's stated to rainとしても可だが、It's started と現在完了形が使われていて、今、実際に降り始めたと今の手元の状況について言っている、実際に起こっている感触がするので、started rainingとing形のほうが良い。
2: 食べ物を無駄にするのは我慢できない: 我慢する stand / 無駄にする waste
I can't stand wasting food.
can't standで「我慢できない/耐えられない」。その目的語がwasting food/stand は「～を我慢する/耐える」。他動型で使われていることに注意。
Onishi: So what’s an image of this "stand" here?
Chris: Well, I think it's basic image of "standing up". Can you imagine? You're standing and you're holding or supporting something. That's all.
(standは)他動型で使われると何かを手で持ちながら立っているイメージがある。
3.: 君ならもっとちゃんとできると思うよ: ～できる ここではbe capable of
: I think you are capable of doing much better.
: be capable of は「～できる」。前置詞の後ろにパッケージで使えるのは to 不定詞ではなく動詞 -ing 形。
ing形とto不定詞はニュアンスが異なる
Onishi: So learning the difference of nuance between them is very important, I think. How about you.
Rosa: I don't think so. I know so.
Chris: Ah, you had me fooled there, Rosa.
Rosa: Sorry.
Chris: But yeah, you know, exactly. It's really important to get to know these nuances and very useful, and it makes your English so much more natural.
Lesson133 動詞-ing形③/I’ve finished doing my homework. 17 水
That’s it?
Yeah, that’s it.
That was so short.
Yeah.
Hi, everyone. This is Rosa Akino.
Hi, everyone. This is Chris McVay. I’m sorry, Rosa. That was too short?
No. I’m done. Let’s get started.
–
This science homework is too difficult.
Shota, that’s just the first question. You haven’t done anything else?
No. I got bored.
Well, I've finished doing my homework. I'm going to take Charo for a walk.
I want to go with you.
No. You haven’t finished your homework yet.
But I need a break. I can study better after a walk.
What do you mean? You’ve only just started your homework. It’s too early for a break.
Don’t worry, Manami. You can help me later.
Huh? No way! I’m out of here!
–
too difficult 難しすぎる
I got bored. 飽きた。 get bored
take – for a walk 〜を散歩に連れて行く
break 短い休憩、一休み
–
I’ve finished doing my homework.
So, can we say, I’ve finished to do my homework.
No, way.
Not at all..
–
I got bored. /bore 退屈させる
-KEY SENTENCE
I’ve finished doing my homework.
Just stop calling me, OK?
I enjoyed working with you guys.
I’m considering buying a new computer.
stop（やめる）、quit（やめる）、give up（あきらめる）
considerはく考える）、imagine（想像する）
I want to go with you.
want（〜したい）、decide（決定する）、promise（約束する）、hope（望む）
–
1). ペンをコツコツやるのをやめてくれないかな？
tap 〜でコツコツ音を立てる
So could you tell me the meaning of “tap”?
Can you stop tapping your pen?
Oh, right. Well, that’s the meaning, right. It, actually, reminds me of tap dancing. I think quite a few of our listeners may remember Fred Astaire who was the most famous tap dancer. You know, using the feet to get the rhythm and so on, so really fantastic tap dancer.
2). その劇団に入ることを考えたことがありますか？
よく考える consider, think about
入る joining/劇団 drama group, drama club, theater group, theater club
3). ここで何が起こっているのか説明していただけますか？
mind 気にする。嫌がる
would you mind –
起こる happen, go on
説明する explain, tell me
「気にしますか？」ですからませんよ」と答えるわけですね。と了承する時は no
1). Can you stop tapping your pen?
2). Have you ever considered joining the drama group?
3). Would you mind explaining what’s going on here?
And you know, a good idea is to learn and memorize full sentences, then right combinations just will come out of your mouth automatically. Keep repeating, repeating, repeating until it’s automatic.
That’s right.
Lesson134 動詞-ing形④ I saw her playing the piano 18 木
Hey, everyone. This is Rosa Akino. Let’s have another great lesson.
Yodel-La-Hee-Hee. Anyway, everyone. I’m Chris McVay. Let’s have a wonderful lesson.
–
When did your daughter start taking piano lessons?
My daughter Reina? She doesn’t take piano lessons. Actually, she’s learning to play the violin.
That’s funny. I saw her playing the piano in a piano store last Saturday. It was difficult music, too.
Well, it must have been a different girl who looked like Reina. As I say, she doesn’t play the piano.
No, I’m pretty sure it was Reina, and she was definitely playing the piano.
Mmm… You know what? I think you should get your eyes checked!
Hey!
–
I saw her playing the piano in a piano store last Saturday.
彼女が 弾く /We have to use が in order to show the subject predict the relationship between her and playing. But we don’t have to do anything in English, right? / Not at all.
That’s right. It’s the famous 説明ルール, in other words, just from the position in the sentence we know that this is giving more information about her, her playing the piano.
–
funny 奇妙な、おかしい
look like - 〜に似ている。
must have been – 〜だったに違いない must be – 〜違いない
definitely 絶対に
–
You know, guys. I think you should look at the textbook for more information.
–
when did your daughter start taking piano lessons? >start -ing
Actually、she’s learning to play the violin. >learn to do
You know what？あのね。
-KEY SENTENCE
I saw her playing the piano in a piano store last Saturday. /her = I saw her playing the piano.
I want her to go out with me, but she’s not interested.
She was definitely playing the piano.
-GRAMMAR IN ACTION〜文法の実践〜動詞-ing形
1). お母さん、僕がウォータースライダーで降りてくるのを見た？
1). Mom, did you see me coming down the waterslide?
2). よく近所の人が口論しているのが聞こえるよ。
2). I often hear my neighbors arguing.
argue
So, what’s the image of argue?
Oh, you know, the original meaning of argue is simple to talk about something in order to understand better, in order to clarify points about it. But there are always two points of view, right? So these are opposing, therefore it’s easy to lead into the second meaning which is to fight.
I disagree everything you just said.
You see? We are going to have argument now.
No, we are not.
Yes, we are.
No, we are not.
That’s really argument, isn’t it?
3). 両親に私が留学することを許してくれるように説得しようとしています。
3). I’m trying to persuade my parents to let me study abroad.
So, have you seen “Heidi, Girl of the Alps”?
No.
Oh, really? It’s a shame, isn’t it?
I think you should just stick to this script, but in the right order, Okay?
Yes, because as we know 配置(ハイジ) は 大事。
Exactly.