OPENING
Rosa: Hey, guys. This is Rosa Akino. Are you ready for another exciting lesson? We have lots to learn.
Chris: Hi, everyone. I'm Chris Mcvay. As usual put all your good efforts into the program and you will make great progress.
put all one's efforts into ～に全力を注ぐ［尽くす］
Lesson 84 限定詞は何をしているのか: any /someとanyの違い
限定詞anyは「何でも・どれでも・いかなる」。「どれを選んでもいい」と､相手に選択の自由を開く表現。
DIALOGUE コナーがヤマダ先生に今週の宿題について質問する。
Ms. Yamada：So here's your homework for this week. I want you to read lesson 5 in the textbook. Then, I want you to write a report about it. Do you have any questions?
Connor: Ms. Yamada?
Ms. Yamada: Yes, Connor.
Connor: How many pages should it be?
Ms. Yamada: It should be about 2 pages. Any other questions?
Connor: Uh, can we use the Internet for the ideas?
Ms. Yamada: Well, all you need to do is read the lesson in the textbook. You don't really need any ideas.
[Do you have any questions?] Do you have questions? ではダメ?
Onishi: So, it's also okay to say "Do you have questions?” right?
Rosa: That's right. But it has a different kind of nuance to it, right, Chris?
Chris: Yeah. The use of any really opens up all possibilities; whatever comes to your mind is okay; ask go ahead and ask.
Do you have questions? でもOK。でもanyを加えることによって､心に浮かぶどんな内容の質問であってもいいですよ､と相手にしっかり開いてあげる､という感じがする
WORDS AND PHRASESと解説
Then, I want you to write a report about it. 「それから」
How many pages should it be?
REAL GRAMMAR FOR COMMUNICATION
Do you have any questions?
「any は anything(何でも）､anyone/anybody(誰でも）､anywhere(どこでも)などからわかるように､「何でも・どれでも・いかなる」を意味する限定詞です。any のつかない Do you have questions?(質問がありますか?）とは異なります。「どんな質問でもいいですよ」と､最大限の選択肢を相手に認めるニュアンス。any は some と同様に不可算名詞にも使えます。」
Do you have any money?
moneyは不可算名詞。紙幣という形を持った時にはbill､硬貨という形を持った時にはcoinという具体的な形があるのでbills､ coinsと複数形になるが､「お金」という概念には具体的な形がないので不可算名詞
疑問文以外でのany
I don't have any friends. 友達がまったくいない anyと否定のコンビネーション。「何でも/どれでも」が否定され「まったく～ない」
If you need any more information, just give me a call. さらに情報が欲しければ､電話をください
条件節(もし～なら)は「(どんな情報であっても)もし必要なら」
Anybody can do that. 誰でもそんなことはできるさ助動詞文。「誰だって～できる」
anyとsomeは独立した意味を持つ別々の言葉/anyとsomeはまったく違う
I don't like some of your friends. someは「友達のうちの数人が嫌い」
I don't like any of your friends. anyは「どの友達も嫌い」。
REPEAT
Do you have any questions?
Do you have any money?
I don't have any friends.
If you need any more information, just give me a call.
Anybody can do that.
I don't like any of your friends.
GRAMMAR IN ACTION: any「何でも・どれでも・いかなる」
日本語: 何かご提案をお持ちの方はいらっしゃいますか? ヒント: 提案 suggestion
解説: suggestionは気軽な提案。ここではanyを使うことによって「どんな提案でもかまいませんよ」というニュアンスを出している。Does anyone have any suggestions? とフルオープンな感じを出すことも
解答例: Do you have any suggestions?
REPEAT: Do you have any suggestions?
日本語: どんな頭の悪い人でもその時計が偽物だってわかるさ ヒント: 頭の悪い人 fool / わかる can tell /偽物 a fake
解説: Any fool can 「どんな頭の悪い人でも～できる(だからなおさら普通の人なら当然できる)」というニュアンスを含む。fakeはthe watch is fake. Fake diamondと形容詞的な使い方もできる。
解答例: Any fool can tell that the watch is a fake.
REPEAT: Any fool can tell that the watch is a fake.
まとめ 限定詞は全て名詞について詳細に指定。英語は名詞について､それがその状況で何を意味しているのか､詳細な指定をいちいちおこなっていく言葉
Onishi: So "Do you have pen?"
Chris: Huh? What do you make of that sort of question, Rosa?
Rosa: I mean, it sounds a bit off. And the reason is because the meaning of what you're trying to say is not clear.
OPENING
Rosa: Hey guys, this is Rosa Akino. It's Friday so that means it's time to review. Are you excited?
Chris: That's right, Rosa. Hi, everyone. I'm Chris Mcvay. We have 4 days’ worth of English grammar to go over. So I guess we'd better get started, right?
4 days’ worth of 4日分の
Lesson 85 REVIEW
MONDAY'S DIALOGUE
Liz: Hi, Kei. How was your trip to the UK?
Kei: It was fantastic. I want to go back next year.
Liz: Did you go to the Sherlock Holmes Museum?
Kei: Yes, of course! Something funny happened there.
Liz: Really? Did you bump into Prince Harry?
Kei: Ha-ha. Not quite. I met a doctor on my fly to London. The doctor told me he often travels to Japan. He was so kind.
Liz: Hmm. So what's so funny about that?
Kei: Well, when I went to the museum, the same doctor was there! But this time he was wearing a costume acting as Doctor Watson.
(Liz chuckles.)
[Key sentence]
The doctor told me he often travels to Japan.
The doctor。theは限定詞。限定詞が名詞の前に置かれるのは、後ろの名詞が文脈上どんな名詞なのかを指定するはたらきを限定詞は持っているため。 theは「1つに決まる」であることを指定している。
TUESDAY'S DIALOGUE
Scott: I want to buy a job magazine. I need to find a part-time job.
Wendy: Why?
Scott: Well, I want to buy an electric guitar.
Wendy: I didn't know you played the guitar.
Scott: I don't, but I want to play just like Eric Clapton someday.
Wendy: It might take a long time, because you'll be busy studying and working, and you won't have enough time to practice.
Scott: That might be true, but it's my dream. I won't give up.
[Key sentence]
I need to find a part-time job. アルバイトを見つける必要があるからね
a/anは他にもあって特定の一つに決まらない、というニュアンスを持っている。
aはoneではない。oneは「2でも3でもない1だ」 a/anは、そうしたフォーカスはない。1つに決まらないイメージ。
WEDNESDAY'S DIALOGUE
Jacob: Mom, can you call Dad? I want him to buy something at the store.
Mom: Okay. What do you want?
Jacob: I need some batteries for my game machine.
Mom: Oh, your father's phone is ringing somewhere. He forgot his phone again.
Jacob: He always forgets it. Some people never learn. What's the point of having a cellphone if you don't carry it with you?
Mom: Well, Jacob, some people tend to forget things as they grow older.
Jacob: I hope I don't become as forgetful as Dad.
[Key sentence}
Some people never learn. 懲りない人っているものなんだ
someという単語は数えられない名詞につけてsome waterとも使える
someのイメージは「ぼんやりとある」そこからSome people「そうした人がぼんやりといる」とイメージされる
THURSDAY'S DIALOGUE
Ms. Yamada：So here's your homework for this week. I want you to read lesson 5 in the textbook. Then, I want you to write a report about it. Do you have any questions?
Connor: Ms. Yamada?
Ms. Yamada: Yes, Connor.
Connor: How many pages should it be?
Ms. Yamada: It should be about 2 pages. Any other questions?
Connor: Uh, can we use the Internet for the ideas?
Ms. Yamada: Well, all you need to do is read the lesson in the textbook. You don't really need any ideas.
[Key sentence}
Do you have any questions? 何か質問がありますか?
anyは「何でも・どれでも・いかなる」という意味を持った限定詞。最大限の選択肢相手に与えるニュアンスを持っているDo you have any money? など、不可算名詞にも使うことができる someとanyは全く異なる
PRACTICAL CHALLENGE
Rosa: Remember our advice when making the sentences and you'll be fine!
Chris: We often say, "Practice, practice practice" because you can't learn a language without a lot of practice. So I'm going to give you one small piece of advice about how to practice. You should practice with a smile on your face. It's amazing how helpful this can be. Try it!
(状況）あなたは家に帰る途中、アメリカ人のカップルに最寄りの駅がどこかを尋ねられました。あなたが英語で説明すると、それを聞いた女性が「すばらしい英語だ」と褒めてくれました。あなたは帰宅あと、この状況を家族に説明します。
[ヒント] 家に帰る途中 on one's way home カップル couple
SIMPLE ANSWER
Rosa: Okay, everyone. Here is my simple answer.
On my way home, an American couple asked me where the nearest station was. After I told them, the woman said my English was great.
[解説] On my way home, an American couple asked me where the nearest station was.
an American couple 聞き手には未知の人なのでaで導入する(ここでは母音の前なのでan)。coupleは「2人連れ」。1グループなのでaをつける。coupleの前にAmericanがあるのでan American coupleとなっている。 文全体はasked me「私に尋ねた」を、wh節で説明。
After I told them, the woman said my English was great.
afterが文をとっていることを確認。後続の文でthe womanとなっているのは、前の文でan American coupleが導入されているために、the womanで特定することができる。ここではthe woman said/English wasと時制の一致がはたらいていることに注意。
[REPEAT]
On my way home, an American couple asked me where the nearest station was. After I told them, the woman said my English was great.
ADVANCED EXAMPLE
Chris: Okay, guys. Here is more advanced version:
I was walking home when an American couple approached me, and asked me the way to the nearest station. After I gave them directions, the woman complimented me on my English.
[解説]
I was walking home when an American couple approached me, and asked me the way to the nearest station.
I was walking home when /I was walking home 「私はね、歩いてうちに帰っていたんだよ」その場の状況がリアルに出てくる、そのあとでwhenが出てきて「そのとき」と、相手の興味を引く言い回しになっている。
After I gave them directions, the woman complimented me on my English.
directionは道順の説明。発音は2通りある。complimentは「褒める」という動詞。
[REPEAT]
I was walking home when an American couple approached me, and asked me the way to the nearest station. After I gave them directions, the woman complimented me on my English.
まとめ
Rosa: Well, I just want to say that I think you guys are so great for listening to our program every day and doing your best. That's the important thing when learning a language, right, Chris?
Chris: That's right. Did you practice with a smile on your face today? I hope so. It should make such a big difference.
when 節が前に来る場合と、when節が後ろに来て「そのとき」という場合との違い