OPENING
Rosa: Hi, guys. This is Rosa Akino. We have some great things in store for you today.
Chris: Hi, everyone. Chris Mcvay here. And it’s a real pleasure for us to be here with you every day so let's get going together.
Lesson 83 限定詞は何をしているのか: some/someは「いくつかの」ではない
DIALOGUE ジェイコプがゲーム機の電池を買ってきてほしいと言うので、お母さんはお父さんに電話をかけるが、呼び出し音が家の中から聞こえる。
Jacob: Mom, can you call Dad? I want him to buy something at the store.
Mom: OK. What do you want?
Jacob: I need some batteries for my game machine.
Mom: Oh, your father's phone is ringing somewhere. He forgot his phone again.
Jacob: He always forgets it. Some people never learn. What's the point of having a cellphone if you don't carry it with you?
Mom: Well, Jacob, some people tend to forget things as they grow older.
Jacob: I hope I don't become as forgetful as Dad.
[Some people never learn.] severalは使える?
Onishi: So "some" shares the same translation with "several". Can we use "several" in this sentence?
Rosa: Absolutely not.
Chris: It wouldn't make sense, right? Because just like "some", I mean, we're not giving a specific number. But "several", in the case of "several", we have in mind specific individual examples, even though we don't want to say how many.
someは漠然、severalはくっきりと具体的なだれというのがしっかりと浮かべる表現。
WORDS AND PHRASESと解説
I want him to buy something at the store. 「店で買ってきてもらいたいものがあるんだけど」
目的語説明型の文。himがto以下に進むことを望む(want)ということ
What's the point of having a cellphone if you don't carry it with you?
「持ち歩かないのなら、携帯電話を持つ意味なんてあるのかな」
What's the point of ～ ? は「～する意味/目的は何か?」よく使われる
REAL GRAMMAR FOR COMMUNICATION
Some people never learn. 懲りない人っているものなんだ。
someone/somebody(誰か）、something(何か）、somewhere（どこか） ボンヤリした意味。数も量も定かでないモノがボンヤリと意識される表現。
someは不可算名詞にも使うことができる
Bring me some water, please. someは「ぼんやりある」というイメージ
Would you like some coffee?
Do you need some help?
誰かに何かを勧めるときに出てくるsome。ここにはボンヤリながら「ある」が意識されている。「
Onishi: Chris, what is a nuance of "some" in "Would you like some coffee?"
Chris: Well, I think, you know, it adds a nice, warm and friendly touch to the question. Like, "Oh, it's no trouble at all". What do you think, Rosa?
Rosa: I think so too. It's kind of like the "some" makes it presented on a pillow, you know, here you go!
Chris: Nice and soft.
Rosa: Exactly. >someには、フレンドリーで暖かい雰囲気が通っている
She married some British guy. -彼女はどっかのイギリス男と結婚したよ
本来なら a British guy,「わざと」ボヤかした言い方。「どっかのイギリス人とさ」。
REPEAT
Some people never learn.
Bring me some water, please.
Would you like some coffee?
Do you need some help?
She married some British guy.
GRAMMAR IN ACTION: 数も量も定かではないものがぼんやりと意識されるsome
日本語: コーヒーはブラックが好きな人もいれば、ミルク入りを好む人もいる ヒント: を好む prefer / whileでつなぐ
解説: some ～, others ～は頻出のコンビネーション。「～であるものもあれば、～であるものもある」。othersにも限定詞がついていないことを確認。こちらもくっきりとした対象が浮かばない「ほかは」。
解答例: Some people like their coffee black, while others prefer it with milk.
REPEAT: Some people like their coffee black, while others prefer it with milk.
日本語: 面白い情報をちょっと見つけたよ ヒント: 情報 information
解説: information不可算名詞。不可算名詞でもsomeを使うことができる「いくらかの情報」。「面白い」をfunnyとしてしまうと意味が変わる。funnyは「笑いを引き起こすような/面白おかしい」ということ。interestingは「興味を引く」どちらかというと、知的な「面白い」
解答例: I found some interesting information.
REPEAT: I found some interesting information.
まとめ 「ぼんやりとある」から生まれるsomeの様々な使い方
Rosa: You know, guys. I really enjoyed today's lesson. Chris, you're such good company. We should have dinner someday.
Chris: Someday? How about tonight?
Rosa: Ah, tonight's no good. Someday.
Chris: .....
OPENING
Rosa: Anything else? Hi, everyone. This is Rosa Akino. Let's have another great day and do our best.
Chris: Is that all you gonna say? Hi, everyone. I'm Chris Mcvay. Let's have another great lesson.
Onishi: Is that it?
Chris: Mmm. Thad’s it.
Lesson 82 限定詞は何をしているのか: a/an
DIALOGUE スコットが友人のウエンディーと会話している、スコットはアルバイトを探している。
Scott: I want to buy a job magazine. I need to find a part-time job.
Wendy: Why?
Scott: Well, I want to buy an electric guitar.
Wendy: I didn't know you played the guitar.
Scott: I don't, but I want to play just like Eric Clapton someday.
Wendy: It might take a long time, because you'll be busy studying and working, and you won't have enough time to practice.
Scott: That might be true, but it's my dream. I won't give up.
[I need to find a part-time job.] この文脈からはaほとんど自動的に選ばれる限定詞
Onishi: So I think from this context, "a" is automatic choice. Do you agree?
Rosa: Yeah. Pretty much.
Chris: Yeah, I agree. I mean, we all know there are many part-time jobs. So he just needs to find one out of those many, right?
WORDS AND PHRASESと解説
I didn't know you played the guitar.
play the guitar は、「ああ、ああした楽器のことだな」と、誰もが「ピンとくる」ところから the。
I want to play just like Eric Clapton someday. /いつかエリック･クラプトンのように演奏したいんだ。
like (～のように）をjust(ピッタリ）が修飾して「ちょうど～のように」と強調。somedayは「いつの日か」。
That might be true, but it's my dream. /そのとおりかもしれないけど、僕の夢なんだ。
may(might) ～, butは譲歩を表す頻出コンビネーション
REAL GRAMMAR FOR COMMUNICATION
I need to find a part-time job. /アルバイトを見つける必要があるからね
:「need to find ～ は「～を見つける必要がある」。a part-time job とならねばなりませんので、ここで選ばれる限定詞は a。a(母音の前では an)は、one とは異なります。one は「2や3ではなく1だ」と数に焦点が置かれた単語。一方 a(n) の焦点は、the と対照的に「(ほかにもあり）特定の1つに決まらない」にあります。
この文脈でI need to findと言えば自動的に「特定の一つに決まらない」ということが意識されて、I need to find aまでがほぼ自動的に出てくる
John is a university student. /ジョンは大学生です→「職業・立場」紹介文: (ほかにもたくさんいる)大学生の中のひとり
aとtheの対比
This is the present that my boyfriend gave me. the: 1つに決まる =このプレゼント1つしかくれていない
This is a present that my boyfriend gave me.a: (ほかにもあって)決まらない = ほかにもプレゼントをもらっている｢1つに決まらない｣がポイント
REPEAT
I need to find a part-time job.
John is a university student.
This is a present that my boyfriend gave me.
GRAMMAR IN ACTION:
日本語: 京都のよいホテル紹介してくれない? ヒント: 紹介する recommend/解説: 特定のホテルに決まらないためa/recommendの代わりにsuggest/give me the name of a hotel可。
解答例: Can you recommend a good hotel in Kyoto?
REPEAT: Can you recommend a good hotel in Kyoto?
日本語: 僕の父はエンジニアです。今はインドネシアで働いていますヒント: 今は at the moment
解説: 職業・立場紹介のa/an。「ほかにもたくさんいるエンジニアのひとり」として紹介、My father is an。at the momentは、現在。theがつくのは「現在」は1つの時点に決まるからです。right now/at presentとしても可。
解答例: My father is an engineer. He is working in Indonesia at the moment.
REPEAT: My father is an engineer. He is working in Indonesia at the moment.
まとめ文脈から、文脈の持っているニュアンスから、話し手の意識からa/anが決まっていく感触。aが決まりそして名詞が続いていく感触
Rosa: And I just want to re-emphasize, like you said, just how important it is to follow the order of determinant noun, determinant noun. It might take a while to retain yourself but it is really an important point.
Chris: And continuing that, a message that word order is the key, what decides whether to choose "the" or "a" and that comes before. So we must focus also on the previous context, and that will lead us to a natural choice. And maybe you both agree with me that on top of that our message should be "relax", because it's really, really difficult this point of the or a. So even if you make mistakes, you can still have effective communication.
OPENING
Rosa: Hi, everyone, this is Rosa Akino. Well, it's the start of a brand new week. So let's go.
Chris: That's right, Rosa. Hi, everyone, I'm Chris Mcvay. Start of a new week, so let's practice with new energy.
OPENING
Rosa: Hi, everyone, this is Rosa Akino. Well, it's the start of a brand new week. So let's go.
Chris: That's right, Rosa. Hi, everyone, I'm Chris Mcvay. Start of a new week, so let's practice with new energy.
Lesson 81 限定詞は何をしているのか: the /指定ルールと説明ルール = 語順
DIALOGUE イギリス旅行に行ったケイが、リズに旅行先で会った医師について話をしている
Liz: Hi, Kei. How was your trip to the UK?
Kei: It was fantastic. I want to go back next year.
Liz: Did you go to the Sherlock Holmes Museum?
Kei: Yes, of course! Something funny happened there.
Liz: Really? Did you bump into Prince Harry?
Kei: Ha-ha. Not quite. I met a doctor on my flght to London. The doctor told me he often travels to Japan. He was so kind.
Liz: Hmm. So what's so funny about that?
Kei: Well, when I went to the museum, the same doctor was there! But this time he was wearing a costume acting as Doctor Watson.
(Liz chuckles.)
[The doctor told me he often travels to Japan.]
Onishi: So is it possible to invert the order of "the doctor"? I mean, is it possible to say "doctor the"?
Rosa: No way!
Chris: That's ridiculous! What are you talking about?
Onishi: Then, why is that?
Chris: Ah.
Rosa: Well, we know why, but since we are so nice, we'll let you explain.
Chris: And actually I really, really want to know.
Rosa: Oh.
Chris: Why?
WORDS AND PHRASESと解説
Something funny happened there./そこでちょっと面白いことがあったんだ
something (何か)とまず言ってから、どういった何かなのかをfunnyで説明
Did you bump into Prince Harry?/ハリー王子とばったり出会ったりしたの？
bump intoはbump (ぶつかる)とinto (衝突を表す前置詞)を組み合わせ「ばったり出会う」というニュアンス
REAL GRAMMAR FOR COMMUNICATION
The doctor told me he often travels to Japan.
そのお医者さんは、よく日本に旅行に来ると言っていた。
「限定詞」です。限定詞とは、the や a、some、any といった名詞の前に置かれる「小さな単語」のこと。
the後ろに来る名詞が、「ああ、あれね」と1つに決まる(複数明治の場合は特定の人/グループ)もの
様々な1つに決まるケース
文脈から「1つに決まる」:
I met a doctor on my flight to London. The doctor told me he often travels to Japan
その場で「1つに決まる」:
Close the door! /ドアを閉めて!
その場にドアが一つしかない、あるいはどのドアを意味しているのか明らかな場合のみに使える
Onishi: So if there are two open doors, can you still understand this sentence?
Rosa: No, I'd have to say which door?
Chris: Yeah. It's totally confusing.
常識から「1つに決まる」: The earth is round./地球は丸い
earth地球やsun太陽などは、常識的に一つに決まるからthe earth/the sunとなる。worldも私たちが生きているこの世界を意味するときはthe worldと使うが、想像上の世界で一つの特定の世界に決めることができない場合はa worldとなる。
I want to live in a world where Chris doesn't exist.
Chris: Huh?
Rosa: I couldn't bear to live in a world where Chris doesn't exist.
Chris: What a boring world that would be!
Rosa: I know.
「1つ」を意味に含む表現:
Taro is the youngest of the three. タロウが3人の中では最も若い
最上級にtheが付くのも一つに決まるから。一番～、最も～なら、それは一つに決まるだろうからonly/firstなどが付くフレーズにtheが付くのも同じ理由。
REPEAT
The doctor told me he often travels to Japan.
Close the door!
The earth is round.
Taro is the youngest of the three.
GRAMMAR IN ACTION: 「1つに決まる」で後ろの名詞を指定するthe
日本語: カウンセラーと、息子についての話をした。そのカウンセラーは心配しないようにと言っていた
ヒント: カウンセラーと話をする talk to a councelor
解説: 話し手はまずa councelorと述べた後、そのcouncelorを中心にThe councelorと話を展開し
解答例: I talked to a councelor about my son. The councelor told me not to worry.
REPEAT: I talked to a councelor about my son. The counceller told me not to worry.
日本語: 母さんは郵便局に行っちゃっているよ ヒント: 郵便局 post office
解説: 文全体は、現在完了の結果用法。goは「ある場所から出て行く」イメージで「今はいません」というイメージが含まれている。the post officeは最寄りの/いつも使っているというニュアンス the
解答例: Mom's gone to the post office.
REPEAT: Mom's gone to the post office.
Onishi: So Chris and Rosa, now you understand how English works, right?
Rosa: We do indeed.
Chris: Ah, I'm so relieved to get such a perfect explanation.
Rosa: What would we ever do without you?
Chris: That's true!
We are the world.やWe are the champion of the world!のworldは、theなので現実の世界
What a wonderful world!は、aなので、現実にはない想像上の世界ということになりますか。