*English follows Japanese.
今回は、USCPA試験のFARの論点の一つである有形固定資産の取得原価について整理していきます。
1. 取得原価に含まれる費用
購入した有形固定資産の取得原価は、「利用可能な状態にするために要したすべての費用」となり、以下の式で表されます。
取得原価 = 購入代価＋付随費用
付随費用の例：
- 仲介手数料
- 運送費及び手数料
- 取得にかかる弁護士費用
- 所有に関する保険料
- 据付費
- 試運転費
- 沼地の排水
- 木々の伐採
- 敷地の開発
- 古い建物の解体
- フェンス
- 給水システム
- 歩道
- 舗装
- 造園
- 照明
個人的には、ある程度会計の知識がある方にとっては、会計上の整理は難しくないと思います。しかし、英語が普段見慣れないものが多いので、試験対策上は与えられた英語が何の費用を意味しているかを理解することがキーになるのではないでしょうか。
2. 資産化する利息
有形固定資産を取得した場合に発生した借入利息については、通常、期間費用で処理されます。
しかし、以下の適格資産の建設・製作期間中の借入利息については、取得原価に含めることが要求されます。
（日本基準は容認規程である点が異なりますね。）
適格資産
- 企業が自社で使用するために建設・製作している資産
- 販売やリースの目的で個別プロジェクトとして建設・製作されている資産
資産計上額
Actual interest (実際の利息） と Avoidable interest* のいずれか小さいほうを資産計上する。
*Avoidable interest: 建設・製作が生じなければ理論的に回避できたであろう利息
*Avoidable interest = Average accumulated expenditures during construction × Interest rate
この手の論点は、日本の公認会計士試験ではあまり出てこないので、USCPA試験対策用ではケアしておいた方がよさそうです。
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USCPA-FAR-PP&E-1: Acquisition Cost of Property, Plant and Equipment (PP&E)
This time, I will organize the acquisition cost of PP&E, which is one of the topics in the FAR section of the Uniform CPA exam.
1. Costs Included in the Acquisition Cost
The acquisition cost of purchased tangible fixed assets is "all costs incurred to make the asset ready for use" and can be expressed by the following formula:
Acquisition Cost = Purchase Price + Incidental Costs
Examples of incidental costs:
- Finder's fees
- Shipping (Freight and handling charges)
- Legal fees for purchase contract
- Title insurance
- Installation
- Testing (Breaking-in)
In the case of land, the following costs, for example, are included in the acquisition cost to make it "ready for use" (deduct proceeds from the sales of scrap):
- Draining of swamps
- Clearing of brush and trees
- Site development
- Razing (tearing down) an old building (demolition)
On the other hand, the following costs are of a nature that adds to the usable land and are therefore separately capitalized as structures rather than land:
- Fences
- Water systems
- Sidewalks
- Paving
- Landscaping
- Lighting
Personally, I think that for those with a certain level of accounting knowledge, organizing these accounting treatments is not difficult. However, since many of the terms above in English are not commonly seen, understanding what costs are referred in English will be key for exam preparation.
2. Capitalizing Interest
Borrowing costs incurred when acquiring PP&E are usually treated as period costs (interest expense). However, it is required to include borrowing costs incurred during the construction or production period of qualifying assets in the acquisition cost.
(This differs from JGAAP, which allow for optional capitalization.)
Qualifying Assets:
- Assets being constructionfor an enterprise's own use
- Assets for sale or lease that are constructedas discrete project
Capitalization Amount:
Capitalize the lesser of Actual interest or Avoidable interest*.
*Avoidable Interest: Interest that could theoretically be avoided if construction had not occurred.
*Avoidable Interest = Average accumulated expenditures during construction × Interest rate
This type of quesiton does not come up very often in the Japanese CPA exam, so it would be a good to keep it in mind when preparing for the Uniform CPA exam.
