Forgetting
Paired associates lerningResearchers have used to this task inference in 2 ways.-proactive inference: refers to the fact that previous learning can make retention of subsequent learning more difficult.
-retroactive inference
How exactly does inference work?-Anderson&Neely
-retrieve cue points to, and leads to the recovery of, a target memory. However, when that retrieval cue becomes associated to other targets, during retrieval the 2nd target competes with the 1st one.
-Anderson's fun effect: more time sent study at the concept the more time required to retorieve info.
Retrieval of info
There are some principles of retrieval that can be used to aid recall. 1. categorisation: material organised into categories or other units is more easily recalled than info with no apparent organisation (this effect happens even when organised material is initially presented in randon order)
2. encoding specificity:
-mateiral is first put into LTM, encoding depends on the context in which the material is learned.
3. context effect
4. state-dependent learning
5. mood-dependent momory effect
6. spaicing effect
-a variety of theories seek to explain the spacing effect.
-encoding variability:
Cue overload: a retrieval cue is most effective when it is highly distinctive and not related to any other target memory.The levels of processing view
Levels-of-processing theory of memory-In this model, memory is thought to depend not on how long material is stored or on the kind of storage in which the material is held, but on the initial encoding of the info to be remembered.
-The fundamental assumption is that retention and coding of info depend on the kind of perceptual analysis done on the material at encoding.
incidental learning-Any learnig that is not in accord with the Ps purpose is called incidental learning.
deep processingshallow processingMemory Reconstruction
Working memory
Central exective(CE)
Phonological loop (PL)
Phonological loop is to auditory material
used to carry out subvocal rehearsal to maintain berbak material
2 components-a short term phonological buffer&subvocal rehearsal loop
the idea here si that when the P initially encounters info, particularly verbal info, she translates it into some sort of auditory code and processes it through the phonological loop.
limited capacity being able to hold 1.5-2 sec of speech based info
Daneman & Carpenter's study
Articulatory suppression
-this affects recall performance by preventing the use of the rehearsal loop to maintain items in the phonological store, or inhibiting the encoding if visual info into phonological form
-memory span has been found to be affected by AS
Phonemic S
Visuospatial sketchpad (VSSP)
Visuospatial sketchpad is to visual material.
Central exective(CE)
Phonological loop (PL)
Phonological loop is to auditory materialused to carry out subvocal rehearsal to maintain berbak material 2 components-a short term phonological buffer&subvocal rehearsal loopthe idea here si that when the P initially encounters info, particularly verbal info, she translates it into some sort of auditory code and processes it through the phonological loop. limited capacity being able to hold 1.5-2 sec of speech based infoDaneman & Carpenter's studyArticulatory suppression-this affects recall performance by preventing the use of the rehearsal loop to maintain items in the phonological store, or inhibiting the encoding if visual info into phonological form
-memory span has been found to be affected by AS
Phonemic SVisuospatial sketchpad (VSSP)
Visuospatial sketchpad is to visual material.