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DaijoSai What is it
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KASAI, Masahiro
Profile: Graduate from the Literature College of Kyushu University. Degree; MA. Major in “Comparative Study of Religions”, especially Japanese religions. Councilor of “Japanese Association for Religious Studies”
Lecture Carrier: A part time instructor of seminars at Kyushu University. A part time instructor of normal lecture at Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. A part time instructor of normal lecture at the University of the Air. Lecturer at Seinan-Gakuin University. A part time instructor of normal lecture at Fukuoka University.
Introduction:
1. About the abdication of Tenno’s throne in 2019
On April 30 of this year (2019), the former Tenno, Akihito, abdicated his throne to his Crown Prince, Naruhito, according to the requirement of the Tenno, Akihito. In 2017 Akihito suddenly publicized his will of abdication through TV broadcast. The Cabinet of Prime Minister, Abe Shinzo at first objected Akihito’s requirement, because under the stipulation of the Imperial Household Law, Tenno’s throne should be taken over by his first son, after the former Tenno was dead. The advisory committee of Abe cabinet insisted that the stipulation had based on the tradition of Tenno’s family through history. The law had been established and publicized in 1889 during Meiji era, and after WWII, minor modification was made. So, most of the contents were remained untouched. That stipulation is among them. In the broadcast, Akihito suggested reviewing the contents of the going Imperial Household Law. Contrary to the Abe government’s speculation, more than 80 percent of Japanese supported Akihito’s requirement. Abe cabinet compromised to Akihito’s requirement, and it admitted the abdication as an extraordinary case because of the high age and anxiety of the health of Tenno. However, this attitude was very impolite, because we can commonly see the abdication case while the former Tenno was still alive through history. It is the stipulation of the Imperial Household Law that has broken the traditional custom of Tenno’s family. Anyway Tenno’s throne was abdicated to Crown Prince, Naruhito, and he became the 126th Tenno on May 1 in 2019.
By the way, there have been three important ceremony concerning the succession of the Tenno’s throne: ① 朝見の儀 (Choken-no Gi; Rite of the first morning greeting), which was already held on May 1. ② 即位の礼 (Sokui no Rei; Publicizing event of the New Tenno to the world) ③ 大嘗祭 (Daijo-Sai: first divine-rice-eating ceremony for the New Tenno).
The first two ceremonies are simply political ones. For example, after Choken-no Gi, the new Tenno can carry out his normal tasks. In this ceremony, the three symbols (a sword, a bronze mirror and a comma shaped bead)of Tenno’s throne are taken over from the former Tenno to the new Tenno. As soon as the new Tenno takes over the symbols, he is able to conduct Tenno’s normal tasks. This ceremony has little religious meaning. Sokui-no Rei also has no religious meaning. It is merely a publicizing event.
However, the third ceremony, Daijo-Sai, is a very religious and enigmatic one. This ceremony has an essential implication of the existence of Tenno.
2.About Daijo-Sai (大嘗祭)
Sai means ceremony. Daijo-Sai has been regarded as the most important ceremony in Tenno’s Court since ancient period. This ceremony first appeared in the existent oldest lexicon named “Taiho-ritsu-Ryo (大宝律令: Lexicon compiled in Taiho years, publicized in 701)”. This means that Daijo-Sai was created during the reign of Jito Tenno (持統天王: 645-702, reign 690-697) and Monmu Tenno (文武天王: 683-707, reign 607-707 ).
Daijo-Sai is held in November. It is a three-day set ceremony. Before Meiji Revolution (1868), it had been held from Tiger’s day (寅の日: Tora-no-Hi) to Dragon’s day (辰の日: Tatsu-no-Hi) in November in Japanese classical calendar. The first ceremony is called “Chinkon-Sai (鎮魂祭: Spirit or Soul appeasing ceremony)”. Please remember that Tenno never participates in Chinkon-Sai. Only the staffs of Imperial Household Agency attend the ceremony. It is a kind of preparation ceremony.
The contents of the rituals in the main ceremony are rather simple. The main rituals are divine-rice-eating feasts. Tenno eats divine rice in two palaces respectively with a few hours’ interval. One is called “悠紀殿 (Yuki-den)”. Den means a palace. The other is “主基殿 (Suki-den)”. Tenno gets into the Yuki-den by himself in order to eat divine rice, late in the evening of Rabbit day (卯の日: U-no-Hi, the next day of Chinkon-Sai). And very early in the morning of the next day(Dragon’s Day)Tenno again eats divine rice by himself in Suki-den.
Concerning Daijo-Sai, there have been two riddles. One riddle is why Daijo-Sai has required two palaces? Yuki-den and Suki-den have been built, every time Daijo-Sai has been held. Soon after Daijo-Sai is over, these palaces are demolished. It is said that about $ 25 million was spent, in order to carry out Daijo-Sai in the time of Heisei.
The other is why Chinkon-Sai is held on the previous day of the main Daijo-Sai ceremonies.
3.The most enigmatic existence: Chinkon-Sai (鎮魂祭)
Most of scholars who have studied Tenno’s court rituals have explained since Heian period (794-about 1180) that Daijo-Sai has been held for the purpose of transplanting Tenno-Soul (Tama: 魂) from the former Tenno to the new Tenno. They have insisted that every Tenno has inherited an extraordinary great soul called Tenno-Rei (天皇霊) in his body since the first Tenno, Jinmu (神武). The Tenno-Rei has been called Tama (魂) as well. The Tama was given to the first ancestor of Jinmu Tenno, named Ninigi-no Mikoto (瓊瓊杵尊) by the highest deity, Amaterasu-oh-mi-Kami (天照大神). Every Tenno has inherited the Tama in his body. This has meant to Tenno’s attendants that every Tenno has been an avatar of Amaterasu-oh-mi-Kami, and so a living God. This traditional interpretation has relied on the literal meaning of the idiom, 鎮魂(Chinkon). Chinese letter 鎮 (chin) can be understood ‘sink’ or “bury”. Tenno’s Court staffs and Shinto ideologues have maintained the theory that Daijo-Sai has been a ceremony in which Tama (魂) has been removed from the former Tenno’s body and “buried (鎮)” into the body of the new Tenno. I’d like to call this theory “Tama transplant theory”. However, if you see the rituals of Chinkon-Sai, you cannot find any evidence that Chinkon-Sai rituals have a connection with the Tama transplant theory.
4.The most authorized theory concerning Daijo-Sai now: Origuchi, Shinobu’s “大嘗祭の本義: Essential Meaning of Daijo-Sai”
In 1930, Keio-gijuku University professor, Origuchi, Shinobu published his thesis, “古代研究 (Study of Ancient Japan)”. “大嘗祭の本義” was one of the chapters in this paper. He added his new view to the traditional interpretation of Daijo-Sai. At the time, under the strong influence of newly established Soviet Russia, National Socialism began to prevail among Japanese intellectuals. Young officers in Imperial Japan military supported the ideology as well. Political priority of military took over parliamentary politics. Under the ideology of National Socialism, a charismatic political dictator gained control over people directly, and destroyed old fashioned parliament system and capitalism as seen in the USSR or Nazis. In Japan National Socialists regarded Tenno as a living God, and tried to destroy parliament system and capitalism. They hoped that Tenno grasped the direct power to rule over Japanese people. They insisted that all Japanese should sacrificed their lives to Tenno.
When Origuchi wrote “Daijo-Sai no Hongi”, he added his peculiar theory to the traditional “Tama Transplant Theory”. He discriminated “Tenno’s Tama (魂)” from common people’s tamashi-hi (霊魂). Origuchi insisted that in the early stage of Yamato kingdom, people had directly offered their tamashi-hi to Tenno. As a result Tenno’s Tama became a huge, supreme godly existence. According to Origuchi’s theory, Japanese people should offer their lives, and obey absolutely to Tenno. His theory had the similar structure as National Socialists’ political world view. He was welcomed by them, and became an authority of Shinto world.
However, his theory also could not cover the theoretical defect: why Daijo-Sai requires two newly built palaces, and needs to hold Chinkon-San on the previous day of Daijo-Sai?
5. In order to grasp the answer to these riddles, please read my paper attached on this blog. By clarifying the riddles, you can find out the essence of Tenno, and the historical characteristics of Japanese political system.
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DaijoSai What is it