Believe most people have heard about the product--electronic throttle controller. It can booster acceleration and also save fuel. It is really such powerful? Since the 21st century, most cars use the electronic throttle to replace the hand throttle wire. Unfortunately, the signal delay of the electronic throttle will inhibit normal acceleration of the vehicle.
 

Electronic throttle controller working principle:

The electronic throttle controller is mainly collecting the sensor signal of the acceleration pedal position. It can transfer the rearranged throttle signal to the computer. Improve engine responsiveness. So, Improved vehicle throttle sensitivity, instantly increase speed up. 
 

advantage of potent booster:

1 Amplify the throttle signal to improve the static response.
 The speed up electronic throttle controller is mainly achieved by increasing the sensitivity the senility of the throttle controller.

2 Amplify the throttle signal growth rate, Improve dynamic response.
When the accelerator pedal is depressed, The accelerator will be based on the magnitude of the depression, Time to calculate the rate of change of the throttle signal, The faster the change, the stronger the acceleration requirement, Throttle accelerator will increase this rate of change, The final result is a better dynamic response.

f:id:PotentBooster:20190415220716p:plain



3 Provides virtual driving style for ECU to adjust engine parameters.
Modern engine ECU generally has driving style adaptive ability, If the driver often quickly steps on the throttle, ECU will gradually think that the driver's style tends to be "violent", In this way, the engine will slowly adjust the throttle, fuel injection system, etc. to get the best adjustment parameters of the engine in this style.


Electronic throttle and hand throttle principle:

Due to various reasons such as environmental protection, economy, reliability, etc., the newer models nowadays generally use electronic throttle. The so-called electronic throttle is for the previous pull throttle. The traditional pull throttle uses the thin steel rope directly to the accelerator pedal. The throttles are connected. The depression of the accelerator pedal directly corresponds to the opening and closing of the throttle. The electronic throttle has no cable. By installing a potentiometer (variable resistor) in the pedal, the depth of the accelerator pedal is converted into the resistance of the resistor. The electronic system of the car indirectly determines the depth of the accelerator pedal by sampling the resistance value. Finally, the stepping motor is driven by the ECU to control the opening degree of the throttle valve. It is not difficult to find through the principle that the throttle is characterized by simple system and direct control. The accelerator pedal and the throttle are open at 1:1; while the electronic throttle is characterized by the accelerator pedal only characterizing the driver's operating intention, and the final throttle control is given to the ECU.

TROS' Potent Booster is available for a wide variety of car models and brands  as shown bellow:

 

ACURA: ILX, MDX, RDX, TL, TLX, TSX 
ALFA ROMEO: GIULIA, MITO, STELVIO, 159, BRERA COUPE, GIULIETTA, SPIDER 
AUDI: A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, Q2, Q3, Q5, Q7, R8, RS3, RS4, RS5, RS6, S3, S4, S5, TT 
BENTLEY: ARNAGE, AZURE, BROOKLANDS, CONTINENTAL 
BMW: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, I8, M3, M4, M6, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, Z4, Z8 
BUICK: ENCORE, LACROSSE, REGAL, VERANO, ENCLAVE, ENVISION, HIDEO, GL8 
CADILLAC: BLS, ATS, CT6, SLS, XT5, CTS, SRX, STX 
CHEVROLET: CAMARO, CAPTIVA, CORVETTE, CRUZE, EPICA, MALIBU, ORLANDO, SPIN, AVEO, SAIL, SILVERADO, SONIC, TRAX, SPARK, HHR, COLORADO, CAPRICE, EXPRESS, EQUINOX, IMPALA, TAHOE, SUBURBAN, TRAVERSE 
CHRYSLER: 200, 300, CROSSFIRE, PACIFICA, SEBRING 
CITROEN: BERLINGO, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C8, DISPATCH, DS3, DS4, DS5, DS6, SEGA,JUMPY, XSARA 
DODGE: CALIBER, CHALLENGER, DART, JOURNEY, MAGNUM, RAM, NITRO, AVENGER, CHARGER, DAKOTA, DURANGO, VIPER 
FIAT: 500
FORD: B-MAX, C-MAX, ECOSPORT, EXPLORER, EVEREST, ESCAPE, FALCON, F150 RAPTOR, F250, F350, F450, F550, FLEX, FUSION V6, FIESTA, FOCUS, KUGA, MONDEO, MUSTANG, RANGER, TRANSIT 
GMC: ACADIA, CANYON, SIERRA, TERRAIN, YUKON 
HUMMER: H2, H3
HONDA: ACCORD, ACURA, CIVIC, CROSSROAD, CROSSTOUR, CITY, CRV, CRZ, CRIDER, JADE, FIT, ELYSION, EURO, INSIGHT, JAZZ, ODYSSEY, PILOT, STREAM 
HYUNDAI: ACCENT, ELANTRA, SANTAFE, AZRERA, STAREX, H-1, GENESIS, EQUUS, I20, IX25, I30, IX35, SONATA, TUCSON, VERNA, VELOSTER 
INFINITI: FX35, FX45, G25, G35, G37, Q50, Q50L, QX50, QX60, Q70L, EX25, M35, M45
ISUZU: D-MAX, MUX 
JAGUAR: XF, XJ, XK, 
JEEP: CHEROKEE, COMMANDER, COMPASS, GRAND CHEROKEE, PATRIOT, RENEGADE, WRANGLER JK, WRANGLER JL 
KIA: CEED, FORTE, K2, SOUL, SORENTO, CERATO, K3, K5, RIO, K7, KX3, MORNING, OPTIMA, SPORTAGE 
LEXUS: ES, GS, GX, IS, LS, LX, NX, RX, SC 
LAND ROVER: DISCOVERY 3, DISCOVERY 4, EVOQUE, FREELANDER, RANGE ROVER, RANGE ROVER SPORT 
LOTUS: ELISE, EXIGE 
MASERATI: GHIBLI, QUATTROPORTE, LEVANTE, GRANTURISMO, GRANCABRIO 
MAYBACH: 57, 57S, 62, 62S 
MAZDA: 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, CX-3, CX-5, CX-7, CX-9, MX5, MX8, BT-50, ATENZA, AXELA 
MERCEDES BENZ:  A-CLASS, B-CLASS, C-CLASS, CL-CLASS, S-CLASS, E-CLASS, G-CLASS,GL-CLASS, M-CLASS, M-CLASS, R-CLASS, SPRINTER 
MINI: COOPER, ONE, CLUBMAN, COUNTRYMAN, HATCH, PACEMAN
MITSUBISHI: ASX, ATTRAGE, COLT, EVO X, L200, LANCER, GRANDIS, GALANT, SRTION, STRADA, MIRAGE, MONTERO, OUTLANDER, PAJERO, PAJERO SPORT, TRITON
NISSAN: 350Z, 370Z, ALMERA, JUKE, KICKS, MARCH, MAXIMA, MICRA, NAVARA, NP300, D40, D22, NOTE, NV200, NV350, PATHFINDER, PATROL, PRARIE, PRIMASTAR, SUNNY, SENTRA, TEANA, SYLPHY, LIVINA, MURANO, QASHQA, TIIDA, XTRAIL
OPEL VAUXHALL: ADAM, AGILA, AMPERA, ASTRA, CASCADA, CORSA, INSIGNIA, MERIVAA, SIGNUM, TIGRA, VECTRA, ZAFIRA 
PEUGEOT: 107, 206, 207, 208, 307, 308, 407, 807, 2008, 3008, 4007, 5008, EXPERT, PARNTER, RCZ 
PORSCHE: 911, BOXTER, CAYENNE, MACAN, PANAMERA 
PROTON: INSPIRA, PERSONA, EXORA, IRIZ, SAGA BLM, PERODUA AXIA, GENZ, PREVE 
RENAULT: CAPTUR, CLIO, ESPACE, LAGUNA, LATITUDE, SCENIC, TRAFIC, TWINGO 
SEAT: ALHAMBRA, ALTEA, CORDOBA, EXEO, IBIZA, LEON, TOLEDO 
SKODA: CITIGO, FABIA, OCTAVIA, RAPID, SUPERB, YETI 
SMART: FORFOUR, FORTWO 
SUBARU: BRZ, FORESTER, IMPREZA, LEGACY, OUTBACK, R1/R2
SUZUKI: GRAN VITARA, ALIVIO, S-CROSS, JIMNY, KIZASHI, LIANA, SPLASH, SWIFT, SWIFT SPORT, SX4 
TOYOTA: AURIS, AGYA, ALPHARD, AVANZA, ALTIS, AVENSIS, AXIOS, BELTA, LBADE, CHR, CROWN, CAMRY, COROLLA, COROLLAVERSO, ESTIMA, FJ CRUISER, FIELDER, FORTUNER, GT86, HIACE, HILUX, VIGO, REVO, HARRIER, INNOVA, IQ, LAND CRUISER, MARK X, PRIUS, PICNIC, PRADO, RAV 4, SIENTA, URBAN CRUISER, VELFIRE, VIOS, WISH, YARIS 
VOLVO: C30, C70, S40, S60, S80, V40, V50, V60, V70, XC60, XC70, XC90
VOLKSWAGEN: AMAROK, BEETLE, BORA, CADDY, EOS, FOX, GOLF, JETTA, LUPO, PASSAT, POLO, SCIROCCO, SHARAN, T5, TIGUAN, TOUAREG, TOURAN, UP!

 

 

 

Shenzhen TROS Technology Co., Ltd, founded in 2008, works on develop, produce, sale and related service for Electronic throttle controller, Jump starter etc.
Tel: +86 13620945763
Fax: +86-0755-27470539
Contact: Kevin
Email: admin@tros.com.cn
Whatsapp: +86 13620945763
Wechat: kevin135zhang
Skype:  live:salestros

1. Electronic Throttle Controller Working Principle Diagram:

red is the input signal, blue is the output signal, black is the middle signal, green is the control signal.

 

Electronic Throttle Controller Working Principle Diagram

2. Electronic Throttle Controller Working Principle:Electronic throttle controller treat of throttle signal and control mainly by three chips to complete:
Master chip:main function is: receive the accelerator pedal signal through the ADC module into digital signal , through the data Processed by the DAC module converted back to the analog signal output to the op amp chip.  op amp chip output Signal through the ADC module into a digital signal to detect the op amp chip output signal is normal. according to Input and output and processing is normal to elect the switch chip output control signal, when the exception occurs , will control the system chooses a switch chip to directly output the accelerator pedal signal to the vehicle ECU, otherwise it will go through the master chip control the op amp chip strengthens signal to the car ECU.
Op amp chip :Its main function is to strengthen the master output signal to avoid interference in the subsequent transmission.
Switch chip:Its main function is to accept the master chip control in the accelerator pedal signal and op amp output signal to select an output to the car ECU. By default (no control) select the accelerator pedal signal output to the car ECU.
 

3.Automatic Accelerator Booster Safety Instruction:

A
The master chip has a hardware watchdog, when the master chip due to strong interference and other accidental events affect to crash , it can be automatically reset within 1/10 seconds to restart and resume normal working condition.

B
From the electronic throttle controller works principle diagram shows that the signal from the accelerator pedal to the car ECU has two channels in the electronic throttle throttler:

Channel 1: Throttle pedal -> Master chip -> Op Amp chip -> Switch chip -> Vehicle ECU
Channel 2: Throttle pedal -> Switch chip -> vehicle ECU.

When the accelerator is working properly, use Channel 1 to achieve the normal function of the throttle controller. When an exception occurs , use channel 2 directly to the accelerator pedal signal output to the car ECU to avoid the electronic throttle controller failure caused by accelerator pedal failure, automatic acceleration and other conditions.

C
The master chip can detect the input and output signals, when the input and output signals or internal parameters exception occurs , it can directly control the switch chip using channel 2, to avoid this exception affect the car driving.

D
When the master chip due to power supply module failure or program loss can not run, the switch chip will choose channel 2 as a default choice , so this situation still does not affect the car driving.

 

 

 

 

Shenzhen TROS Technology Co., Ltd, founded in 2008, works on develop, produce, sale and related service for Electronic throttle controller, Jump starter etc.
Tel: +86 13620945763
Fax: +86-0755-27470539
Contact: Kevin
Email: admin@tros.com.cn
Whatsapp: +86 13620945763
Wechat: kevin135zhang
Skype:  live:salestros

Pre-install considerations:

1.Must pull out the key after car power off ( if the car have key )
2.Install the product 3 minutes later after car power off.
 

Rev is normal but warning light on:

Solution:
1.Turn off car, start car again 3 seconds later, Repeat 3-5 times. 
2.Flash ECU to remove warning light.
3.If the above solutions are no useful, remove throttle controller, after 3-5 minutes, then install throttle controller again.
 

Throttle pedal is abnormal, Rev can't go up, Warning light on:

Solution:
1.Check throttle controller plug NO. Whether fit car models.
2.Check the product whether plug well. 
3.Remove throttle controller , after 3-5 minutes, then install throttle controller again.
 

Can't start car and Rev keep highly:

Solution:
1. Check throttle controller plug NO. Whether fit car models.
2.  Check the product whether plug well. 
3.  Check the product whether plug reverse. ( Especially note plug NO. 510 )
4.  Check the 6 pins whether broken in the plug socket. 
 

Turn off car, the product controller light still on:

Reason : After turn off car, some car models need a little long time to Completely powered down, after 30 minutes, the controller light will be off. ( Note: Can’t use key to open car door, just see from outside the door )
 

Problem come out when driving:

1.Warning light on, throttle pedal is abnormal :
Solution : Remove the product, change to original car. 

2. Waring light on, throttle pedal is normal :
Solution : Remove the product and install it again. 

 

 

Shenzhen TROS Technology Co., Ltd, founded in 2008, works on develop, produce, sale and related service for Electronic throttle controller, Jump starter etc.
Tel: +86 13620945763
Fax: +86-0755-27470539
Contact: Kevin
Email: admin@tros.com.cn
Whatsapp: +86 13620945763
Wechat: kevin135zhang
Skype:  live:salestros

Electronic Throttle Controller Features:

Through the interception of the accelerator pedal signal after processing and then simulate a throttle pedal signal to the car ECU to achieve changes in throttle sensitivity, reduce throttle delay, better adapt to different driving and driving environment functions, to achieve the purpose of driving pleasure. The product can be set to one of the following four modes via 'M' (the first button on the left)

A , Full acceleration mode (the first letter of the display shows 'F'), in this mode ,throttle sensitivity is the highest .

B, Half-acceleration mode (the first letter of the display shows 'H'), in this mode , throttle sensitivity between the original car mode and full acceleration mode.

C, Original car mode (the display shows 'NOR'), in this mode ,throttle sensitivity same as original car .

D, Economic mode (the first two letters of the display are shown as 'EC'), in this mode , throttle sensitivity will be lower than the original car.

The 'M' key can also be used to set the auto mode (the second letter of the display shows 'A'), manual mode (the second letter of the display shows 'H'). Wherein , the automatic mode not only improves the throttle sensitivity but also influence the throttle on the gearbox shift logic.

When the product is in full acceleration mode or half acceleration mode can be used '+', '-' key (right two keys) for 1-9 fine-tuning, the third letter will show the fine-tuning value . The higher the value, the higher the throttle sensitivity.

When the product is in the economic model can also be 1-9 fine-tuning, The higher value of fine-tuning , the lower throttle sensitivity.

Display function: the display is mainly used to set and display the product mode, remove the display or display in the open state does not affect the product host work. 
 

Electronic Throttle Controller Specifications:

Host: input voltage :3.0V-5.5V, current: <6mA,
Display: Input voltage: 3.0V-5.5V, current: <10mA,
When the car is powered by the accelerator pedal, the product starts working , when the accelerator pedal is powered off , the product stops working .
 

The software information:

Host: Read the accelerator pedal signal from the ADC, according to the setting parameters after the operation output to the DAC and then output to the car ECU. During this period, the watchdog is reset regularly. Once this process is stopped, the watchdog can reset the entire system in 1/10 of a time to return to normal operation, receive the key information from the display and process , send the host software version number to the display , mode settings for display.

Display: Display the software version number and host software version number when the machine is turned on. The button sends the key information to the host computer, accept the software version number and mode setting sent by the host, and also has the watchdog function.

 

 

 

Shenzhen TROS Technology Co., Ltd, founded in 2008, works on develop, produce, sale and related service for Electronic throttle controller, Jump starter etc.
Tel: +86 13620945763
Fax: +86-0755-27470539
Contact: Kevin
Email: admin@tros.com.cn
Whatsapp: +86 13620945763
Wechat: kevin135zhang
Skype:  live:salestros

How electronic throttles work?

 

The pedal is connected to what essentially are potentiometers. They generate a certain amount of voltage which the ECU reads and equates to throttle angle openings. They first of all measure how far your foot travels when you push the pedal to a certain point as well as how fast you pushed the pedal to reach that point and creates a throttle calculation for your ECU. The ECU then sends a signal to the butterfly position sensor which controls the opening rate of your butterfly on the throttle body, and opens it up by the amount programmed into the ECU for a given voltage generated at the pedal. There is also a feedback sensor on the throttle body which informs the ECU that the throttle butterfly is doing what it is supposed to ( i.e. opening the throttle up to the angle dictated by the ECU ).

Now, like with most electronic control systems, there is redundancy built into drive by wire systems. Instead of just one demand sensor at the pedal, there are two. Same goes with the feedback sensor at the throttle body. This is to avoid loss of control should one fail. The complex nature of this system with its variety of potentiometers, computers, sensors and management systems is what results in a noticeable delay when you first hit the pedal, known as throttle lag or dead zone. No matter how hard or fast you stomp on your accelerator there is no overcoming this delay, it is an inherent electrical delay that physical input can not conquer.
 

The fact of drive by wire systems

 

The voltage signals generated by the redundant sensors are not identical. The ECU always monitors both signals to constantly check if everything is working normally. Should one signal be outside of expected sensor readings or fail outright, the ECU will throw a code and go into fail-safe mode. This means power is reduced to avoid having the car speed out of control, exceed the ECU’s expected parameters, and the orange light comes on and your engine loses power.


Why use drive by wire systems?

 

Well a few reasons, first of all the electronic throttle system is a lot lighter, reducing weight in modern cars, also they are far easier to service and tune, simply hook up a computer and let it do the work for you. It is also worth mentioning the impact of emissions control in regard to switch to electronic throttle systems, using electronics allows for much more precise control of the throttle opening compared to a cable that stretches over time. It also allows the throttle response to be programmed in by the manufacturers. Yup, that’s right. The throttle response on drive by wire control systems can be programmed. This is where the Potent booster throttle controller comes in.

 

 

 

Shenzhen TROSTechnology Co., Ltd, founded in 2008, works on develop, produce, sale and related service for Electronic throttle controller, Jump starter etc.
Tel: +86 13620945763
Fax: +86-0755-27470539
Contact: Kevin
Email: admin@tros.com.cn
Whatsapp: +86 13620945763
Wechat: kevin135zhang
Skype:  live:salestros

Along with rapid development of auto industry, auto manufacturers in America, Germany, Japan and other countries successively adopted electronic throttle control system early in 1990s. Electronic throttle control system mainly consists of throttle pedal, pedal displacement sensor, ECU(electronic control unit), data bus wire, servo motor and choker executing mechanism. Electronic throttle is generally adopted in fairly new models. Electronic throttle is named in comparison with fly-by-wire throttle which features direct connection between throttle pedal and choker with thin steel wire. The treading depth of throttle pedal directly corresponds to the opening width of choker. Electronic throttle is free of wire. Treading depth of throttle will be converted into resistance value after a potentiometer(with variable resistance) is mounted in pedal. Electronic system of automobile indirectly determines the depth of pedal through sampling of resistance value. Finally, ECU will activate stepping motor to control the opening width of choker. It can be easily found through principle comparison that drive by wire throttle features simple system and direct control, with the proportion of the opening width of throttle and choker being 1:1. Characteristics of electronic throttle are as follows: throttle pedal only indicates driver's operating intention, while the final right to control choker belongs to ECU.

 

Shenzhen TROS Technology Co., Ltd, founded in 2008, works on develop, produce, sale and related service for Electronic throttle controller, Jump starter etc.
Tel: +86 13620945763
Fax: +86-0755-27470539
Contact: Kevin
Email: admin@tros.com.cn
Whatsapp: +86 13620945763
Wechat: kevin135zhang
Skype:  live:salestros

In models with electronic throttle control system, ECU will analyze the treading depth of throttle in combination with auto conditions when controlling electronic choker, and then calculate appropriate opening width of choker at the current time. When diver speeds up suddenly at the time of start up(tread the pedal to the utmost), ECU will perform analysis according to the current auto speed, opening width of choker and other factors, appropriately restrict the opening width of choker from the perspective of fuel saving and reasonable exhaust emission, and control fuel spray system to restrict maximum spray of fuel injection nozzle at the same time. In this way, driver will feel that automobile begins to start after throttle is treaded for a while, which is the so-called throttle lagging. Therefore, throttle lagging is actually the result of ECU operation through restricting instant output of engine, which can make automobile more environmental-friendly and energy-saving.

 

Shenzhen TROSTechnology Co., Ltd, founded in 2008, works on develop, produce, sale and related service for Electronic throttle controller, Jump starter etc.
Tel: +86 13620945763
Fax: +86-0755-27470539
Contact: Kevin
Email: admin@tros.com.cn
Whatsapp: +86 13620945763
Wechat: kevin135zhang
Skype:  live:salestros

1. Accelerating choker opening and improving static response

"Acceleration" of POTENT BOOSTER is realized mainly through improving the responding sensitivity of choker. When ECU finds that driver has the intention for acceleration, it will activate rapid opening of choker via circuit signals to improve the responding sensitivity of throttle.


2. Speeding up throttle signals and improving dynamic response

When accelerator treads on throttle pedal, potent booster throttle controller will calculate the alteration rate of throttle signals according to treading depth and time. Alteration rate is in proportion to accelerating requirements, POTENT BOOSTER will enhance such alteration rate and finally realize maximum dynamic response of auto acceleration.


3. Providing false driving style for ECU' s adjustment of engine parameters

ECU of modern engine generally has the capacity of self-adapting driving style. If driver often treads on throttle quickly to a considerable depth( also known as pulling speed), ECU will gradually consider that the driver' s style tends to be "violent" . In this way, engine will slowly adjust choker and fuel spray system, etc. To obtain optimal adjusting parameters of engine under this style. After POTENT BOOSTER is used for a long time, even if the driver drives the car with previous "mile" driving style, engine will still acquire experience of "violent" driving, which is equivalent to the adjustment of ECU parameters. At the long last, engine will automatically amend its parameters to adapt to such driving style. 

 

 

Shenzhen TROS Technology Co., Ltd, founded in 2008, works on develop, produce, sale and related service for Electronic throttle controller, Jump starter etc.
Tel: +86 13620945763
Fax: +86-0755-27470539
Contact: Kevin
Email: admin@tros.com.cn
Whatsapp: +86 13620945763
Wechat: kevin135zhang
Skype:  live:salestros

Features of electronic throttle control system and ECU

In models with electronic throttle control system, ECU will analyze the treading depth of throttle in combination with auto conditions when controlling electronic choker, and then calculate appropriate opening width of choker at the current time. When diver speeds up suddenly at the time of start up (tread the pedal to the utmost), ECU will perform analysis according to the current auto speed, opening width of choker and other factors, appropriately restrict the opening width of choker from the perspective of fuel saving and reasonable exhaust emission, and control fuel spray system to restrict maximum spray of fuel injection nozzle at the same time. In this way, driver will feel that automobile begins to start after throttle is treaded for a while, which is the so-called throttle lagging. Therefore, throttle lagging is actually the result of ECU operation through restricting instant output of engine, which can make automobile more environmental-friendly and energy-saving.
 

Operating principle of throttle controller

 

1.Accelerating choker opening and improving static response

“Acceleration” of POTENT BOOSTER is realized mainly through improving the responding sensitivity of choker. When ECU finds that driver has the intention for acceleration, it will activate rapid opening of choker via circuit signals to improve the responding sensitivity of throttle.


2.Speeding up throttle signals and improving dynamic response

When accelerator treads on throttle pedal, POTENT BOOSTER will calculate the alteration rate of throttle signals according to treading depth and time. Alteration rate is in proportion to accelerating requirements, POTENT BOOSTER will enhance such alteration rate and finally realize maximum dynamic response of auto acceleration.

Install POTENT BOOSTER throttle controller, eliminate throttle lag, make you driving car easier and more passion !

 

 

 

 

Shenzhen TROS Technology Co., Ltd, founded in 2008, works on develop, produce, sale and related service for Electronic throttle controller, Jump starter etc.
Tel: +86 13620945763
Fax: +86-0755-27470539
Contact: Kevin
Email: admin@tros.com.cn
Whatsapp: +86 13620945763
Wechat: kevin135zhang
Skype:  live:salestros