In the 19th century British society activist E. Howard on urban planning vision put forward the concept of garden city, air jordan homme
since the early 20th century urban planning in many countries of the world have a great impact Howard in his book, Tomorrow, a leading real reform The road to peace in that city should build an ideal city and the advantages of both villages, which he called garden city. Garden City is essentially a combination of city and township in 1919, the British garden city and urban planning association with Howard, after deliberation, clearly meaning of Garden City: Garden City is for the health, life and the industrial design of the city, its size is sufficient to provide a rich social life, but should not exceed this level; around agricultural areas should be permanently surrounded by public land owned by the city at all, by a committee entrusted with the pastoral charge of Howard conceived cities including both urban and rural parts. City surrounded by agricultural land surrounded; urban residents often get close to the supply of fresh produce; agricultural markets have recently, but not limited to the local market. Garden City residents living here, working here. All land belongs to all residents of the collective, the use of land must pay the rent. All revenue from the city's rent; carry out construction on the land is still vested in the collective value of all settlements obtained. Size of the city must be limited so that each household could very easily close to the village of his natural spaces Howard made specific ideal city planning, and drawn sketch. He suggested that the Garden City area of 6,000 acres (1 acre = 0.405 ha). City center, covering 1,000 acres; agricultural land accounts for around 5000 acres, with the exception of arable land, pastures, orchards, forests, but also includes agricultural colleges, nursing homes, etc. Agricultural land is reserved for green belt, never be used for other purposes. In this 6000 acres of land, housing 32,000 people, including 30,000 people living in the city, 2,000 people air jordan 14 retro
scattered in the countryside. Urban population exceeded the prescribed number, you should build another new city. Garden City is circular plane, a radius of about 1,240 yards (1 yard = 0.9144 m). Central is an area of about 145 acres of the park, there are six main roads radiating outward from the center, the city is divided into six areas. The outermost parts of the city building all kinds of factories, warehouses, markets, one facing the outermost ring road, the other side is a ring of rail line, transportation is very convenient. Howard proposed to reduce dust pollution of the city, must be to electric power source, urban waste used in agriculture Howard is also envisaged that a number of cities around the center of Garden City, constitutes a city group, which he called no smoke without slums of urban agglomerations . Slightly larger size of the city center, the proposed population of 58,000 people, the area will also increase accordingly. With the proposed rail link between the cities of Howard's garden city idea after he was made to realize his vision careful consideration. He believes that industrial and commercial monopoly not by the public, to give the private sector organizations to develop conditions for Howard Garden City Association in 1899, to promote his ideas. 1920 and 36 kilometers away from the West End NATO Welwyn (Welwyn) began construction of a second garden city. Established garden city aroused attention all over Europe followed suit; But most just Xi Qu Garden City name, is essentially a suburban residential area Howard appeared for the urban problems of modern society, a planning ideas with pioneering; city size, layout, structure, population density, green belts and other urban planning issues, proposed a series of original ideas, is a relatively complete system of urban planning ideas. Garden City theory of modern urban planning ideas of the Enlightenment played an important role in some of the subsequent emergence of urban planning theories, such as organic evacuation theory, an influential theory of satellite towns. After the 1940s, a number of important cities in planning and urban planning regulations also reflect the ideological Howard Howard solutions to solve urban problems on the main contents include: First, the urban population overcrowded evacuation, residents return to the countryside. He believes it is a illegal information, solving social problems of the city. Two construction of new cities, namely the construction of a city life with the advantage of a beautiful rural environment harmoniously combine Garden City. This growth will help the city to follow the development of the city, landscaping and convenient. When urban population growth reaches a certain size, we should build another seat garden city. Several garden city, surrounded by a central city (population 58 million) are arranged to form a group of social urban city. Across the country will be countless cities group. City each group is independent of a town in the administration, and the residents of the towns actually belong to a community social city. He believes that this is a way for modern science and technology and social reform objectives fully form the respective roles of the city. Third, land reform, so that land owned by the developer of the collective value. Howard believes that the city should not be a single industrial sites, the expansion of the single market or a single apartment. In fact, these three functions and country, the covering of a new type of city. Howard did not expect to return to the simple life or a primitive economy, on the contrary, he was looking for a higher level of production and life. He believed that the size of a city, it should be sufficient to achieve social cooperation based on the needs of a complex division of labor, rather than hinder the achievement of these functions - like putting a city merely as an economic unit as unfortunately, with Howard exactly the pastoral ideal city does not appear, but his philosophy deeply influenced Western urban designers. In World War II, Western Europe needs to build a lot of new communities to address the housing shortage caused due to the Great Depression and war, these new communities are presented with many shadow garden city concept.