Researchers grew(Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) which are echinoderms (a group that also includes sea stars and brittle stars) with spiky protrusions made of calcium carbonate in the lab. The invertebrates were grown under conditions mimicking expected future levels of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide.
In response to high carbon dioxide levels, the urchins showed substantial changes in the proportion of genes involved in regulating their cells' pH (the degree of acidity) and skeletal development.
The oceans are expected to become increasingly acidic this century as carbon dioxide gets pumped into the atmosphere and, ultimately, the seas. The acidity is particularly problematic for organisms that must , because the shells are more likely to dissolve under acidic conditions. []
"The big unanswered question is, if and how marine organisms will be able to respond to ocean acidification," said Melissa Pespeni, an evolutionary biologist at Indiana University and lead author of the study, published today (April 8) in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Pespeni and her colleagues bred adult sea urchins, collected from the Pacific Ocean between central Oregon and Southern California, in tanks exposed to regular carbon-dioxide levels or elevated levels of carbon dioxide forecasted to occur as a result of climate change. The scientists measured the growth and genetic variation of the urchin larvae during their first week of development, a time when the larvae are still free-swimming blobs undergoing major skeletal growth.
Theshowed few visible changes in growth and development, but there were noticeable differences in the abundance of certain genes. The urchins exposed to higher carbon-dioxide levels showed changes in genes involved in promoting growth, producing minerals and keeping pH within a range that's tolerable to them. In comparison, the urchins exposed to current carbon-dioxide levels showed only random genetic variation.
The findings demonstrate that the high-carbon-dioxide environment was exerting natural selection on the urchin larvae: Only the "fittest" those with the most advantageous genes survived. It was exciting to see that the urchins could adapt, Pespeni told LiveScience.
"If any organism were able to adapt and evolve, it would be the sea urchins, because they live in an environment where they're experiencing daily changes in pH," she said.
The urchins are very long-lived and have more genetic variability than any other species including humans, she added. Consequently, the urchins have a broad arsenal for responding to changes in their environment. The findings give scientists hope that organisms like the purple sea urchin might be able to adapt to rising carbon-dioxide levels, but it's unclear whether other organisms will be so flexible.
Moreover,is just one of many changes associated with climate change. It would be interesting, Pespeni said, to find out how the urchins would adapt to other stressors, such as temperature.
Despite the ability of some species to adapt to climate change, it is still important to preserve large, robust populations of various animals, Pespeni and her colleagues stressed.
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