見出しタイトルの品詞変化

Announcing the reopening of Klein's delicatessen

annaouncingは動名詞で名詞の役割をするけれど、目的語を取ることができる。

announceだと命令文になるのでおかしい

announcementだと名詞が2つ並ぶのでおかしい

未払いの

have an outstanding balance

未払いの残高がある

名詞＋前置詞

[alternative to]

The new energy source is expected to serve as one of the altrenatives to fossil fuel.

Study at the school in Japan is the alternative to go to Canada.

One alternative to a vacation is a good night's sleep

There are two alternatives. one is go to an island, the other is go fishing.

[substitute for]

Is it possible to substitute rice for potatoes?

I don't have a farther. He is a substitute for my farther.

What would be a substiute for a rice?

[attitude to/toward]

I have a bad attitude to him.

I have a distant attitude to him.

Attitude of patients to the disease is serious.

[approach to]

I take a serious approach to studying.

私は真面目に勉強にとりくむ

we take a different approach to the same problem.

私たちは同じ問題に異なるアプローチをとる

受動態

My boyfriend was stolen by her.

=

I had my boyfriend stolen by her. (使役のhave )

時制の一致

現在　She writes a memo

過去　She wrote a memo

未来　She will write a memo

現在進行形　She is writting a memo

過去進行形 She was writting a memor when I called her.(ある時間を示しているので現在完了は使えない)

現在完了　She has written a memo

過去完了　She had written a memo before I'v done my work.

未来完了　She will have written a memo by the time you come home.

現在完了進行形　She has been writhing a memo since I saw her at an office.

過去完了進行形　She had been writing a memo

未来完了進行形 She will have been writing a memo for 30 years by the time you graduate from university.

A is to B what C is to D

　A is to B what C is to D.

ＡはＢへ、　何が　ＣはＤへ

直訳だと意味がわからないので文字を当てはめてみました。

Kissing is to the herat what fighting is to the love.

=

Kissing is something that fighting is.

something thatをwhatに変えます。(先行詞がいらない為、somethingが吸収される)

=

kissing is what fighting is.

キスする事は喧嘩するようなことだ。

ここに目的語をはめます。

=

Kissing is to the heart what fighting is to the love.

キスが心に届くように、喧嘩は愛に届くようなことだ。

　A is to B as C is to D.も同じ意味

関係副詞

関係副詞 When, Where, Why, How

i) New yourk is the city where I would like to go.

ii) New yourk is the city which I would like to visit. (関係代名詞)

i)　whereには to the city　と前置詞と名詞が入っている。

goは自動詞の為、この文で完結できる。完全な文の場合も関係副詞の特徴。

ii) which　には前置詞は含まれない為the cityだけ。visitは他動詞の為、目的語が必要。

不完全な文は関係代名詞の特徴。

通常は前置詞が代名詞の直前が、関係詞節の最後に来るため解りやすい。visitは他動詞の為要注意

It was a shitty thing you did.

It was a shitty thing you did.

ひどい事をしてくれたね

スティーブがミランダに言った言葉

a bat in a cave

A reference term for when you have a booger in your nose that is clearly visibly from the outside.
This context is found in an episode of Sex and The City.

Hey buddy, you have a bat in the cave. Need a Kleenex?

collarbone

鎖骨

シャーロットがブルーリボン賞を逃した時に折った

　Cocky

自信過剰な人

ｻﾏﾝｻが街でﾅﾝﾊﾟされて言った一言

How'd you get to be so cocky.

stick figure

今で言うなら顔文字？

丸と線で表した簡単な人間の絵

名詞節の時制の一致 例外

もし、内容がstill true,時制はあわせなくていい。

She told me yesterday / that she is only 22.

彼女は今日現在も２２歳だから